Evaluation of completely online psychotherapy with app-support versus therapy as usual for clients with depression or anxiety disorder: A retrospective matched cohort study investigating the effectiveness, efficiency, client satisfaction, and costs

Abstract

IntroductionDepressive and anxiety disorders are common mental disorders ranking among the leading causes of global disease burden. Not all clients currently benefit from therapy and clients are looking for modern ways of therapy. Online psychotherapy is a promising option for better meeting clients’ needs. Recently, a new psychotherapy concept has emerged that combines videoconferencing sessions with support through a mobile application. The latter allows for ecological momentary assessments and interventions, facilitates communication between patients and therapists in between sessions through chat, and allows for incorporating feedback-informed treatment principles. Material and methodsThe study was a retrospective observational matched cohort study, comparing online psychotherapy with Therapy As Usual (TAU) for clients with depressive or anxiety disorders. Data were obtained via questionnaires, which are part of standard clinical care. Primary outcomes included general mental functioning, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Secondary outcomes were efficiency, client satisfaction, and therapy costs. Primary endpoints were analyzed using linear mixed models analysis, with an interaction term between time and group. Secondary outcomes were analyzed using linear regression. ResultsLarger improvements were observed in the online compared to the TAU group for general mental functioning and depressive disorder (i.e., General mental functioning: B = -8.50, 95 CI: −15.01 − −1.97, p = 0.011; Depressive disorder: B = − 3.66, 95 % CI: −5.79 – -1.54p < 0.01). No significant differences in change over time between the two groups were observed for anxiety disorder (B = -3.64, 95 % CI: (−13.10 – 5.82) p = 0.447). The total number of sessions was significantly higher in the online psychotherapy group than in TAU (B = 3.71, p < 0.01), although clients were matched on treatment time in weeks. Treatment session duration in minutes was comparable across the groups. DiscussionOnline psychotherapy with app support showed to be a promising alternative to TAU for depressive and anxiety disorders. More research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and client satisfaction of online psychotherapy compared to TAU, such as randomized controlled trials or studies multiple baseline series designs, and in-depth qualitative research.