Abstract
Residual chlorine concentration decreases along distribution networks because of factors such as water quality, physical properties of the pipeline, and hydraulic conditions. Hydraulic conditions are primarily governed by transient events generated by valve modulation or pumping action. We investigate the impact of transient events on the rate of chlorine decay under various flow conditions. To comprehensively compare the performance of existing chlorine models, 14 candidate models for chlorine concentration were used under various transient conditions. Two-dimensional (2D) transient flow analysis was conducted to investigate the unknown processes of chlorine decay under transient conditions. General formulations for modeling chlorine decay were used to comprehensively study the decay under unsteady conditions and to effectively incorporate the impact of transients into generic model structures. The chlorine decay patterns in the constructed water distribution system were analyzed in the context of transient events. Linear relationships between the model parameters and the frequency of transient events were determined under unsteady conditions, and the impact of turbulence intensity was successfully incorporated into model parameter evaluations. The modeling results from 2D transient analysis exhibit similar predictability as those obtained from calibration using the genetic algorithm.
Highlights
Drinking water obtained from water treatment plants is disinfected before it enters a distribution system
The periods required for 90% reduction in chlorine concentration were 3.86 days under steady conditions, and 4.19, 5.20, 6.58, 8.35 and 9.25 days for unsteady conditions with transients produced at intervals of [40, 20, 10, 5], and 2.5 min, respectively
Calibrated parameters yielded higher decay coefficients for steady flow than for unsteady flow conditions, and lower decay coefficients were calculated for hydraulic conditions with transient events at shorter intervals
Summary
Drinking water obtained from water treatment plants is disinfected before it enters a distribution system. Chlorine is the most widely used disinfectant to prevent the regrowth of microbial pathogens in treated water (Termini & Viviani ). Maintaining sufficient chlorine concentration throughout the water distribution system is an important aspect of water quality management. The concentration of residual chlorine in a water transmission system varies with system properties (Mohapatra et al ). A first-order decay model and its modifications have been widely used to predict chlorine decay in water distribution systems
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