Abstract
The mixing proportions of concrete were examined with regard to the durability performance and early strength in coastal areas. Research was conducted to improve the C24 mix (characteristic strength of 24 MPa). C35 concrete (characteristic strength of 35 MPa) was selected as a comparison group, as it exhibits the minimum proposed strength criterion for concrete in the marine environment. To secure the early strength of the C24 concrete, 50% of the total ordinary Portland cement (OPC) binder was replaced with early Portland cement (EPC); and to provide durability, 20% was substituted with ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS). In addition, a polycarboxylate (PC)-based superplasticizer was used to reduce the unit water content. The compressive strength, chloride ion diffusion coefficient, chloride penetration depth, and pore structure were evaluated. After one day, the compressive strength improved by 40% when using EPC and GGBS, and an average increase of 20% was observed over 91 days. EPC and GGBS also reduced the overall porosity, which may increase the watertightness of concrete. The salt resistance performance was improved because the rapid early development of strength increased the watertightness of the surface and immobilization of chloride ions, decreasing the chloride diffusion coefficient by 50%.
Highlights
Reinforced concrete (RC) is the most economical structural material and offers excellent design freedom
Among them, using ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) is recommended in coastal areas because it improves long-term watertightness [26,27,28,29] and has an excellent ability to immobilize chloride ions
The control concrete had a compressive strength of 35 MPa (C35), which is recommended as the minimum strength under chloride exposure conditions
Summary
Reinforced concrete (RC) is the most economical structural material and offers excellent design freedom. The initially introduced amount of internal chloride must be limited as much as possible to reduce the risk of corrosion of the steel reinforcements To this end, each country regulates concrete materials and the internal chloride that is added during the manufacturing of concrete [12,13,14]. Among them, using GGBS is recommended in coastal areas because it improves long-term watertightness [26,27,28,29] and has an excellent ability to immobilize chloride ions The use of these mineral admixtures, is recommended only to a certain level, because they do not contribute to the development of early strength [30,31,32]. The designed concrete was compared to C35 concrete, which provides the specified concrete strength and is mainly used in the field
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