Abstract
Background and objectiveChanges in cerebral blood flow (CBF) immediately after cigarette smoking (CS) are still unclear. Our purpose was to evaluate the hemodynamic changes in each intracranial vessel after CS by using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).Material and methodsFifteen healthy male smokers less than 45 years old with more than 3 pack-year smoking history were enrolled in this study. The hemodynamic change in the vessels, represented by cerebral flow rate (CFR, ml/s) and flow velocity (FV, cm/s), was quantitatively measured in eleven vascular segments of the brain using phase-contrast MRA. Two sets of data at each vessel before and after CS were statistically analyzed by paired t-test. Three of 15 participants, as a control group, followed all the procedures but did not smoke.ResultsTotal CFR of the distal intracranial vessels (anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries; ACA, MCA, and PCA) was significantly reduced after CS by 7.3% (847 vs. 785 ml/s, p = 0.024). Such flow changes were statistically more significant in the anterior circulation (ACA and MCA) compared to the posterior circulation (PCA). All distal intracranial vessels did not have significant FV change while peak systolic velocity and mean velocity dropped 7.4 and 4.3% and pulsatility index decreased 10.9% in the internal carotid artery. Regarding cross-sectional areas, all distal intracranial vessels showed diminished, and only MCA had a statistical significance (9.9 vs. 9.3 mm2, p = 0.016).ConclusionsThere was a significant decrease of CFR after CS especially in the anterior circulation of twelve young male smokers. Considering the changes of FV and cross-sectional area all together, it can be suggested that cerebrovascular impedance increased after CS especially at the main trunk level of the distal intracranial vessels (ACA, MCA, and PCA).
Highlights
Cigarette smoking (CS) is an important risk factor for cerebral atherosclerosis [1,2,3]
Total cerebral flow rate (CFR) of the distal intracranial vessels was significantly reduced after cigarette smoking (CS) by 7.3% (847 vs. 785 ml/s, p = 0.024)
There was a significant decrease of CFR after CS especially in the anterior circulation of twelve young male smokers
Summary
Cigarette smoking (CS) is an important risk factor for cerebral atherosclerosis [1,2,3]. In the United States at present, about two-thirds of ever smokers start smoking before 20 years of age [12]. This trend is observed in other countries [13]. The CS rate in Korea has dropped over the last 20 years, 21.6% of Koreans over 20 years of age still smoke, with the male smoking rates (male: female = 37.6 vs 5.8%) being the second highest among OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries in 2014 [14]. Changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) immediately after cigarette smoking (CS) are still unclear. Our purpose was to evaluate the hemodynamic changes in each intracranial vessel after CS by using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
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