Evaluation of carbamate toxicity: Acute toxicity in a culture of Paramecium multimicronucleatum upon exposure to aldicarb, carbaryl, and mexacarbate as measured by Warburg respirometry and acute plate assay

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to explore the acute toxicity of three carbamate pesticides, aldicarb, carbaryl, and mexacarbate, on a population of Paramecium multimicronucleatum. The toxicity was evaluated by the Warburg respirometer and the static acute plate assay. Aldicarb, carbaryl, and mexacarbate were shown to significantly inhibit cumulative oxygen uptake at 24 hr in the paramecium culture at 160, 120, and 100 ppm, respectively. Aldicarb, carbaryl, and mexacarbate concentrations of 60, 20, and 10 ppm demonstrated no inhibition of cumulative oxygen uptake when compared to a paramecium control at 24 hr. Pesticide concentrations intermediate to the high and low concentrations demonstrated varying degrees of inhibition. Static plate assay data for aldicarb demonstrated LC 50 values of 93, 104, 122, and 145 ppm at 24, 17, 13, and 9 hr, while carbaryl demonstrated LC 50 values of 28, 34, 46, 65, and 105 ppm at 24, 17, 13, 9, and 7 hr, respectively. Mexacarbate LC 50 values were 19, 25, 35, 57, and 83 ppm at 24, 17, 13, 9, and 7 hr. Oxygen uptake values compared favorably with the static assay data. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated several morphologic changes in paramecium with increased pesticide concentration and exposure time including ciliary abnormalities and disruption of surface structure.