Evaluation of Calcium Alginate-Based Biopolymers as Potential Component of Membranes for Recovering Biosurfactants from Corn Steep Water

Andrea Martínez-Arcos,Mònica Reig,José Manuel Cruz,Ana Belén Moldes,Xanel Vecino,José Luis Cortina

doi:10.3390/w13172396

Andrea Martínez-Arcos, Mònica Reig + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/w13172396

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Abstract

Corn steep water (CSW) is a complex agro-food stream that is used as a source of cost-competitive biosurfactants, since they are produced spontaneously in the steeping process of corn, avoiding production costs. Nevertheless, the extraction of biosurfactants from CSW using sustainable processes is still a challenge. Consequently, the use of calcium alginate membranes could present a novel and sustainable technology for recovering biosurfactants from aqueous streams. Therefore, the aim of this work is to evaluate calcium alginate-based biopolymers, without and with the presence of grape marc as an additive, as a key component of membranes for the recovery of biosurfactants in corn steep water. Biosurfactants are present in CSW, together with other inorganic solutes and biomolecules, such as organic acids, sugars, cations, anions as well as metals. Hence, the competition of these mentioned compounds for the active sites of the calcium alginate-based biopolymers was high. However, they showed a good adsorption capacity for biosurfactants, recovering around 55 ± 2% and 47 ± 1%, of biosurfactants from CSW using both calcium alginate-based biopolymers, with and without biodegraded grape marc. Regarding adsorption capacity, it was 54.8 ± 0.6 mg biosurfactant/g bioadsorbent for the biopolymer containing grape marc, and 46.8 ± 0.4 mg biosurfactant/g bioadsorbent for the calcium alginate-based biopolymer alone. Based on these results, it could be postulated that the formulation of green membranes, based on calcium alginate-based polymers, could be an interesting alternative for the recovery of biosurfactants from aqueous streams including CSW.

Highlights

IntroductionCorn steep water (CSW) has been proposed as a direct source of biosurfactants due to the presence of lactic acid bacteria, which are producers of this type of surface-active compounds [1,7,8]
Corn steep water (CSW) is a fermented stream obtained as a by-product in the wetmilling corn industry, when the corn is steeping under acid conditions, high temperatures (45−52 ◦C) and in presence of SO2(g) and lactic acid bacteria or Bacillus [1]
This work is a first attempt at recovering biosurfactants from CSW by a liquid-solid process using calcium alginatebased biopolymers, without or with an additive

Summary

Introduction

CSW has been proposed as a direct source of biosurfactants due to the presence of lactic acid bacteria, which are producers of this type of surface-active compounds [1,7,8]. Microorganisms can produce biosurfactants with different molecular structures and characteristics (e.g., surface activity), being a combination of a hydrophobic chain (e.g., fatty acids) with a hydrophilic moiety (e.g., carbohydrates, peptides, amino acids, alcohols, so on) [12]. Regarding their chemical composition, there are low-molecular-weight biosurfactants, like glycolipids, lipopeptides, and flavolipids, and high-molecular-weight biosurfactants, such as polysaccharides, proteins, lipopolysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, and lipoproteins [11]. In a context of a circular economy, the use of streams generated in agro-food industries like CSW, where biosurfactants are produced spontaneously, it is an interesting alternative to obtain cost-competitive and value-added biosurfactants, increasing the market opportunities for these secondary raw materials

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