Abstract
The bioactive coating of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a promising approach to enhance the bone-healing properties of bone substitutes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether coating CPCs with bone sialoprotein (BSP) results in increased bone formation. Forty-five female C57BL/6NRj mice with an average age of six weeks were divided into three groups. Either a BSP-coated or an uncoated three-dimensional plotted scaffold was implanted into a drilled 2.7-mm diameter calvarial defect, or the defect was left empty (control group; no CPC). Histological analyses revealed that BSP-coated scaffolds were better integrated into the local bone stock eight weeks after implantation. Bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) ratios and bone thickness at the bone–implant contact were analyzed via micro computed tomography (µCT) after eight weeks. BSP-coated scaffolds and uncoated CPC scaffolds increased bone thickness in comparison to the control (CPC + BSP: 691.1 ± 253.5 µm, CPC: 603.1 ± 164.4 µm, no CPC: 261.7 ± 37.8 µm, p < 0.01). Accordingly, BV/TV was enhanced in both scaffold groups (CPC + BSP: 1.3 ± 0.5%, CPC: 0.9 ± 0.5%, no CPC: 0.2 ± 0.3%, p < 0.01). The BSP coating showed a tendency towards an increased bone thickness (p = 0.18) and BV/TV (p = 0.18) in comparison to uncoated CPC scaffolds. However, a significant increase in bone formation through BSP coating was not found.
Highlights
Autologous bone grafting is still considered the gold standard in the treatment of critical-sized bone defects; it promises bone remodeling after quick graft integration [1,2]
bone sialoprotein (BSP) coating was performed with a fluorescein coupled solution to control the success of the coating process
We observed a tendency towards increased bone ingrowth in the outer of the scaffolds and a significant difference between both scaffold groupsgroups and theand control, layers of the scaffolds and a significant difference between both scaffold the control, we did not detect a significantly increased bone growth in the BSP-coated scaffolds compared uncoated scaffolds
Summary
Autologous bone grafting is still considered the gold standard in the treatment of critical-sized bone defects; it promises bone remodeling after quick graft integration [1,2]. Extensive research with a focus on calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds as bone substitutes has been carried out in recent years [5]. Their composition is similar to that of mineral bone, and they have shown to be biocompatible, osteoconductive, and bioactive [6]. Materials 2018, 11, 2336 of rapid prototyping (RP) three-dimensional (3D) plotting, the shapes and sizes of scaffolds can be created . Open macroporous CPC scaffolds can be created with a compressive strength of 2–5 MPa, which is close to that of human trabecular bone [7,8]
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