Abstract
In the search for safer, non-addictive analgesics, kappa opioid receptor (KOPr) agonists are a potential target, as unlike mu-opioid analgesics, they do not have abuse potential. Salvinorin A (SalA) is a potent and selective KOPr agonist, however, clinical utility is limited by the short duration of action and aversive side effects. Biasing KOPr signaling toward G-protein activation has been highlighted as a key cellular mechanism to reduce the side effects of KOPr agonists. The present study investigated KOPr signaling bias and the acute antinociceptive effects and side effects of two novel analogs of SalA, 16-Bromo SalA and 16-Ethynyl SalA. 16-Bromo SalA showed G-protein signaling bias, whereas 16-Ethynyl SalA displayed balanced signaling properties. In the dose-response tail-withdrawal assay, SalA, 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA were more potent than the traditional KOPr agonist U50,488, and 16-Ethynyl SalA was more efficacious. 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA both had a longer duration of action in the warm water tail-withdrawal assay, and 16-Ethynyl had greater antinociceptive effect in the hot-plate assay, compared to SalA. In the intraplantar 2% formaldehyde test, 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA significantly reduced both nociceptive and inflammatory pain-related behaviors. Moreover, 16-Ethynyl SalA and 16-Bromo SalA had no anxiogenic effects in the marble burying task, and 16-Bromo SalA did not alter behavior in the elevated zero maze. Overall, 16-Ethynyl SalA significantly attenuated acute pain-related behaviors in multiple preclinical models, while the biased KOPr agonist, 16-Bromo SalA, displayed modest antinociceptive effects, and lacked anxiogenic effects.
Highlights
Pain causes suffering and discomfort, often having profound effects on quality of life (Vartiainen et al, 2016)
The bias calculation revealed that 16-Bromo Salvinorin A (SalA) was G-protein biased, whereas 16-Ethynyl SalA was a balanced agonist (Table 1)
We showed that 16-Bromo SalA displayed G-protein biased signaling at kappa opioid receptor (KOPr), whereas, 16Ethynyl SalA displayed balanced signaling properties at KOPr
Summary
Pain causes suffering and discomfort, often having profound effects on quality of life (Vartiainen et al, 2016). Medicines are prescribed that typically activate the mu-opioid receptor (MOPr), such as morphine, codeine and fentanyl (Toblin et al, 2011). Chronic treatment with MOPr agonists can potentiate pain (Celerier et al, 2000; Roeckel et al, 2016), and lead to dependence and addiction (Compton and Volkow, 2006). Opioid overdoses are the leading cause of accidental death in the United States (Okie, 2010; Rudd et al, 2016). Rates of opioid overdose have been rising globally (GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators, 2018). Biased Salvinorin A Analogs in Models of Pain
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