Abstract
Pesticides can induce changes in behavior and reduce the survival chance of aquatic organisms. In this study, the toxic effects of glyphosate suspension (Glyphosate Aria 41% SL, Tehran Iran) on behavior and tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were assessed. For this purpose, a 96 h LC50 of glyphosate suspension (68.788 mL·L−1) was used in the toxicity test. All individuals were divided into control and treatment groups with four replicates. Exposure operations were performed under two conditions: increasing concentration of suspension from 0 to 68.788 mL·L−1; then, decreasing to the first level. The swimming pattern was recorded by digital cameras during the test and tissue samples were collected at the end of the test. There were significant differences between the swimming pattern of treated individuals and control ones during both steps. The sublethal concentration of glyphosate led to hypertrophy, hyperplasia and hyperemia in the gill of fish. However, changes were obvious only after sampling. The exposed fish also displayed clinical signs such as darkening of the skin and increasing movement of the operculum. Moreover, glyphosate suspension affected swimming patterns of fish suggest that the swimming behavior test can indicate the potential toxicity of environmental pollutants and be used as a noninvasive, useful method for managing environmental changes and assessing fish health conditions by video monitoring.
Highlights
The projection is that the world population will excess seven billion people and will reach nine billion by 2050 [1]
The results of the toxicity test showed that there was a significant correlation between the mortality rate of fish and the concentration of the commercial formulation of glyphosate (p < 0.01)
The damages toxicity test showed that there was a significant correlation between the mortality rate of of gills were reported at 150 mL·L of glyphosate
Summary
The projection is that the world population will excess seven billion people and will reach nine billion by 2050 [1]. Population growth will overcome agriculture product growth by 2030. A series of factors (land degradation, falling cropland per person, global climate change, water crisis, uneven distribution of resources and reduced yields per hectare) in some continents and areas (i.e., Africa and west Asia) of the world already threaten human food safety [2,3,4]. Plant pests are one of the important contributing factors in reducing agriculture production. Global statistics show that an average of 35% of agricultural products is lost due to the effects of preharvest pests [5,6]. The use of pesticides appears to become less effective on crop pests [5]. Raven et al [7] showed that even though agriculture production and use of pesticides significantly increased
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