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Abstract
In circular colliders, as well as in damping rings and synchrotron radiation light sources, beam halo is one of the critical issues limiting the performance as well as potentially causing component damage and activation. It is imperative to clearly understand the mechanisms that lead to halo formation and to test the available theoretical models. Elastic beam-gas scattering can drive particles to large oscillation amplitudes and be a potential source of beam halo. In this paper, numerical estimation and Monte Carlo simulations of this process at the ATF of KEK are presented. Experimental measurements of beam halo in the ATF2 beam line using a diamond sensor detector are also described, which clearly demonstrates the influence of the beam-gas scattering process on the transverse halo distribution.
Highlights
In high-energy lepton colliders, the balance between the requirements of high luminosity and low detector backgrounds is always a challenge
Experimental measurements of beam halo in the ATF2 beam line using a diamond sensor detector are described, which clearly demonstrate the influence of the beam-gas scattering process on the transverse halo distribution
Generation and tracking of core particles and scattered particles were performed through a script developed in SAD [22], a program used for optical matching and closed-orbit distortion (COD) correction during beam operation
Summary
In high-energy lepton colliders, the balance between the requirements of high luminosity and low detector backgrounds is always a challenge. To describe the halo distribution and mechanisms for its formation, a number of numerical and experimental investigations have been performed, for both circular and linear machines [2,3,4,5,6]. These studies indicate that halo distributions are influenced by many factors, e.g., space charge, scattering (elastic and inelastic beam-gas scattering, intrabeam scattering and e− cloud), optical mismatch, chromaticity, and optical aberrations. Emittances satisfying the requirements of the International Linear Collider (ILC), and which includes an extraction line (ATF2) capable of focusing the beam down to a few tens of nanometers at the virtual interaction point (IP), is an ideal machine to study halo formation mechanisms and develop the specialized instrumentation needed for the measurements. The results are discussed and some conclusions and further work are outlined
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