Evaluation of antiviral activity of phenolic compounds and derivatives against rabies virus

Abstract

Human rabies is a viral disease with a great impact on public health, mainly on account of its fatal course in the majority of cases. Despite the well-established prophylaxis by immunization, rabies is believed to be responsible for 40,000–70,000 human deaths per year, mostly in endemic areas. Palliative support and experimental protocols to avoid death have been employed with no expressive results, with the exception of a recent human case of recovery from rabies. No antiviral drugs are currently available to fight against this infection. In combination with the prophylaxis, an antiviral drug would be useful for human rabies treatment, providing enhanced protection against the encephalitis caused by the virus. Phenolic compounds are derived from the secondary plant metabolism, although they can also be obtained by synthetic processes. Many studies have shown a great range of pharmacological effects for these substances, including vasodilatation, antiallergenic, antiinflammatory and antiviral properties, among others. In this study, the potential in-vitro anti-rabies activity of 24 synthetic phenolic compounds was evaluated using McCoy cells and PV rabies strain. The cytotoxicity (CC 50) was assayed by the MTT method and the antiviral activity (IC 50) was estimated by the inhibition of viral cytopathic effects. Isoprinosine and ketamine were used as positive controls. The tested compounds showed selectivity indices (SI = CC 50/IC 50) ranging from 1.0 to 3.9. Six phenolic compounds failed to inhibit the cytopathic effect to any degree, and four showed SI ≥ 3.0. According to these results, some probable structure–activity relationships are suggested. It was observed that the presence of free hydroxyl and ether groups influenced the anti-rabies activity. However, additional studies are required to establish these relationships.