Abstract
This study aimed to uncover the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in ovine gastrointestinal nematodes in middle and north Jordan and to check the in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of apple cider vinegar drench and ginger powder. For this purpose a parasitological study was designed, which used fecal egg count reduction test Two hundred seventy ewes were enrolled in this study, twenty sheep farms were enrolled in this study, which had concerns about anthelmintic efficacy. On each farm, 10 sheep were randomly allocated to one of six treatment groups and five for an untreated control group. Fecal samples were collected on day 0 and days 10-14 for worm egg counts and larval differentiation at 6:00 am at the time of milking. Based on the morphometric identification of larvae, Trichostrongylous 85% was the predominant species, Oestertagia 10% and Haemonchous 5%. There was resistant against all species in the used anthelmintic drug, the highest reduction was noticed in the Ivermectin group and the lowest reduction rate was noticed in albendazole groups. There was low resistance against ginger powder and apple cider vinegar which means that they have a strong anthelmintic effect against gastrointestinal parasites.
Highlights
Effective anthelmintics are needed for the implementation of integrated parasite control programs, which combine nonpharmacological methods with strategic use of drugs, Monitoring of Fecal Egg Count (FEC), the evaluation of treatment efficacy and the detection of Anthelmintic Resistance (AR) are becoming increasingly important for health programs of grazing livestock (Pena-Espinoza et al, 2014)
Two hundred seventy ewes were enrolled in this study, 20 farms in different parts in Jordan were enrolled for testing AR, 10 female sheep on each farm were randomly allocated to one of six treatment groups (with Spectrazole (TSPEC), Fenbendazole (TFEN), Ivermectin (TIVR), Albendazole (TALB), apple cider vinegar (TACV) and Ginger powder (TGN) and untreated control group
In this study anthelmintic resistance is present against all anthelmentics under investigation (Ivermectin, Albendazole, Spectrazole Albendazol, levamisole and Fenbendazole where FECR is less than 95% for all anthelmintic used, these results agree with early reports from Denmark indicating reduced field efficacy of BZ and IVM in sheep and goat farms (PenaEspinoza et al, 2014; Sherrill et al, 2006), Nielson (2012) demonstrated resistance in H. contortus resistance to MOX (74% of farms), CLOS (77% of farms) and LEV (57% of farms), ivermectin has the highest FECR ratio which was 84% against all species
Summary
Effective anthelmintics are needed for the implementation of integrated parasite control programs, which combine nonpharmacological methods with strategic use of drugs, Monitoring of Fecal Egg Count (FEC), the evaluation of treatment efficacy and the detection of Anthelmintic Resistance (AR) are becoming increasingly important for health programs of grazing livestock (Pena-Espinoza et al, 2014). Anthelmintic Resistance (AR) in gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) has been reported worldwide (Rose et al, 2015). Increasing problems of anthelmentic resistance development which is associated with conventional production systems, which are more reliant on the use of antiparasitic drugs, but less in organic systems, where the prophylactic use of anthelmintics is banned (Hoste et al, 2014), led to the proposal of checking medicinal plants for their anthelmintic activity. Resistance against synthetic anthelmintics for gastrointestinal parasites is a worldwide problem of sheep and goat (Urban et al, 2008; Yashaswini et al., 2016). Haemonchus contortus was the first nematode to develop resistance against the different anthelmintics. The first report of decreased efficacy of thiabendazole against H. contortus was just 3 years after its introduction to the market (Verma et al, 2018), anthelmintic resistance has been reported in number of countries (Hamdullah et al, 2015)
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