Abstract
Background The control of vector borne arboviral diseases such as Dengue is mainly achieved by reducing human-vector contact and controlling the vectors through source reduction and environmental management. These measures are constrained by labour intensity, insecticide resistance and pro-active community participation. The current study intended to develop and test an ivermectin-based attractive-targeted sugar bait (ATSB) against Aedes aegypti. Methods The 48hour lethal concentration (LC90) of ivermectin against Ae. aegypti was determined through serial dilution experiment where five 30cm x 30cm x 30cm cages were set; into each, a 10% sugar solution treated with ivermectin were introduced. 40 Ae. aegypti were released into each cage and observed for mortality after 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours. The ivermectin-based ATSB was evaluated in a semi field system where ATSB and attractive sugar bait (ASB) were deployed into each compartment of the semi field and 100 female Ae. aegypti were released every day and recaptured the next day through human land catch and Bio-gent sentinel trap. The developed and semi-field tested ATSB was further tested in the field by deploying them in garages. Results The ivermectin 48hr LC90 of male and female Ae. aegypti was found to be 0.03% w/v. In the semi field system, the ATSB significantly reduced a free-flying population of Ae. aegypti within 24 hours (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.62; [95% confidence interval (95%CI); 0.54-0.70] and p-value < 0.001). However, in the field, the ATSBs required the addition of yeast as a carbon dioxide source to efficiently attract Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to feed. Conclusion Ivermectin is an active ingredient that can be used in an ATSB for Ae. aegypti depopulation. However, further research is needed to improve the developed and tested ATSB to compete with natural sources of sugar in a natural environment.
Highlights
Dengue fever is a global public health concern estimated to threaten 100 to 200 million people per year worldwide, with 2.5 billion people worldwide approximated to be at risk (World Health Organization et al, 2009)
Serial dilutions of ivermectin in 10% w/v sugar solution were obtained starting with 0.01% of ivermectin as a starting point following a report by Tenywa et al (Tenywa et al, 2017) that found 0.01% of ivermectin in 10% w/v sugar solution was enough to kill more than 90% of malaria vector (Anopheles arabiensis) within 48 hours
Approximately half of female and male Ae. aegypti mosquitoes provided with 0.02% (w/v) of ivermectin in 10% sugar solution died within 24 hours
Summary
Dengue fever is a global public health concern estimated to threaten 100 to 200 million people per year worldwide, with 2.5 billion people worldwide approximated to be at risk (World Health Organization et al, 2009). The primary and secondary vectors of the dengue fever are Aedes aegypti (L) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), respectively (Barrett & Higgs, 2007) They are widely distributed all over the world as a result of the rapid expansion of poorly planned cities, lack of piped water systems, poor sewage systems, high urban population growth (Gubler, 2011; Guzman & Harris, 2015) and the ability of the vectors to oviposit in diverse environments (Gómez-Dantés & Willoquet, 2009; Hawley, 1988). The control of vector borne arboviral diseases such as Dengue is mainly achieved by reducing human-vector contact and controlling the vectors through source reduction and environmental management. These measures are constrained by labour intensity, insecticide resistance and pro-active community participation. In the semi field system, the ATSB significantly reduced a free-flying population of Ae. aegypti within 24 hours
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