Abstract
Fasting glucose (FG) and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) perform sub-optimally in people of African origin, especially in individuals with sickle-cell trait (SCT). The purpose of this study was to compare the relationships between HbA1c, FG, and fructosamine in individuals from Senegal with and without SCT. HbA1c, FG, and fructosamine were measured in 203 adults from Senegal (100 control: 45 with type 2 diabetes (T2D); 103 SCT: 51 with T2D). Significant, positive correlations were observed between HbA1c and FG, fructosamine and FG, and fructosamine and HbA1c in both groups. The limits of agreement were inappropriately large in both groups for the Bland-Altman plots of HbA1c and FG (control: -95.97 to 83.97%; SCT: -115.9 to 91.52%), fructosamine and FG (control: -100.6 to 99.89%; SCT: -105.6 to 100.6%), and fructosamine and HbA1c (control: -52.03 to 38.98%; SCT: -88.04 to 71.41%). In both groups, the greatest proportion of subjects were considered above the clinical cut-point for hyperglycemia when fructosamine was used as the criterion (control: 33%; SCT: 44.6%), and the lowest percentage of subjects were classified as over the clinical cut-point when HbA1c was used as the criterion (control: 21%; SCT: 27.7%).Substantial disparities between HbA1c, FG, and fructosamine were observed in both groups, and these differences were exaggerated in the SCT group. Therefore, these three biomarkers should not be considered to be interchangeable measures of glycemic control. These biomarkers should be used thoughtfully, and special care should be taken when using them in individuals with SCT.
Highlights
Sickle-cell trait (SCT), the heterozygous form of sickle-cell disease, is highly prevalent in Africa, especially in Central and Western Africa where between 10–30% of the population are carriers of the hemoglobin S (HbS) gene [1]
There were no significant differences between groups for hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit age, body mass index, Fasting glucose (FG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), or fructosamine
This study showed that HbA1c, FG, and fructosamine were positively correlated in Senegalese individuals with and without SCT
Summary
Sickle-cell trait (SCT), the heterozygous form of sickle-cell disease, is highly prevalent in Africa, especially in Central and Western Africa where between 10–30% of the population are carriers of the hemoglobin S (HbS) gene [1]. In 2017, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that more than 15.9 million people in Africa had type 2 diabetes (T2D), and the prevalence is expected to increase 162% by 2045 [2]. This data indicates that there is likely a large, and growing, population of individuals in Africa who have both T2D and SCT. 70% of people in Africa who have T2D do not know that they have the disease, a higher percentage than in any other region of the world [2] This problem is often attributed to a lack of access to adequate health care, inadequate performance of diagnostic tests may contribute to this issue [3]
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