Abstract

Gamboge exhibits anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) activity, however, its active compounds and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for determining gambogellic acid, β-morellic acid, isogambogenic acid, gambogenic acid, R-gambogic acid, S-gambogic acid, and hydroxygambogic acid in gamboge was established. The key parameters including ion transitions, voltages, LOD, and LOQ were determined, with LOD ranging from 0.8 to 2.0ngmL-1 and LOQ from 2.7 to 6.7ngmL-1. The recovery rates were found to be between 95.6% and 103.5%. Furthermore, the active compounds were successfully determined, and molecular mechanisms of gamboge in treating CRC were explored. Network pharmacology revealed a "compound-target-pathway" network where the seven compounds could target key proteins, modulate PI3K-Akt and JAK-STAT pathways, and inhibit CRC development. Molecular docking validated SRC, SATA3, PIK3CA, among others, as potential targets for the active compounds in CRC intervention. In conclusion, this method significantly reduces analysis time and improves efficiency relative to existing approaches, making it highly suitable for the effective determination of multiple compounds in the quality control of gamboge materials.

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