Abstract
Background. When a liquid is irradiated with high intensity and low-frequency ultrasound, acoustic cavitation occurs. The existence of particles in a liquid provides nucleation sites for cavitation bubbles and leads to a decrease in the ultrasonic intensity threshold needed for cavitation onset.Materials and Methods. The study was designed to measure hydroxyl radicals in terephthalic acid solutions containing gold nanoparticles in a near field of a 1 MHz sonotherapy probe. The effect of ultrasound irradiation parameters containing mode of sonication and ultrasound intensity in hydroxyl radicals production have been investigated by the spectrofluorometry method.Results. Recorded fluorescence signal in terephthalic acid solution containing gold nanoparticles was higher than the terephthalic acid solution without gold nanoparticles. Also, the results showed that any increase in intensity of the sonication would be associated with an increase in the fluorescence intensity.Conclusion. Acoustic cavitation in the presence of gold nanoparticles has been introduced as a way for improving therapeutic effects on the tumors in sonodynamic therapy. Also, the terephthalic acid dosimetry is suitable for detecting and quantifying free hydroxyl radicals as a criterion of cavitation production over a certain range of conditions in medical ultrasound fields.
Highlights
In recent years the use of low-intensity ultrasound in therapeutic applications has become a developing field
The fluorescence signal in the terephthalic acid (TA) solution containing Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) was significantly higher than the TA solution without GNPs in the different intensities in continuous mode (P < 0.03)
There was a significant difference in the fluorescence signal intensity in the TA solution containing GNPs among all intensities (0.5, 1 and 2 W/cm2) in continuous mode (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the fluorescence intensity in TA solution without GNPs between 1 and 2 W/cm2 intensities in continuous mode (P > 0.3)
Summary
In recent years the use of low-intensity ultrasound in therapeutic applications has become a developing field. Very high pressure and temperature at the collapse region can produce free radicals, erosion, emulsification, molecular degradation, and sonoluminescence. This type of cavitation can be fatal tocells and is utilized to destroy cancer tumors [5]. When a liquid is irradiated with high intensity and low-frequency ultrasound, acoustic cavitation occurs. The effect of ultrasound irradiation parameters containing mode of sonication and ultrasound intensity in hydroxyl radicals production have been investigated by the spectrofluorometry method. The terephthalic acid dosimetry is suitable for detecting and quantifying free hydroxyl radicals as a criterion of cavitation production over a certain range of conditions in medical ultrasound fields
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