Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds as pesticides affect the hormonal balance, and this can result in several diseases. Therefore, the analysis of representative hormones with acetamiprid (AC) and azoxystrobin (AZ) was a good strategy for the investigation of the endocrine-disrupting activity of pesticides. Hence, a sensitive and rapid analytical method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. The method was validated for the analysis of AC, AZ, estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone in the serum, testis, and liver of rats. The correlation between the residues of pesticides and the disturbance of the endocrine system was evaluated. The different mass parameters, mobile phase types, analytical columns, injection volumes, and extraction solvents were compared to get the lowest limit of detection of the studied compounds. The detection limits of AC, AZ, estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone were 0.05, 0.05, 1.0, 10, and 1.0 ng/ml, respectively. The method developed was applied to evaluate the changes in these hormones induced by the duration of exposure to AC and AZ in rat testis and serum. The hormones level in rat serum and testis had a significant decrease as they were oral gavage treated with different high concentrations of studied pesticides. Both pesticides were distributed in the body of rats by the multi-compartment model (liver, testis, and serum).
Highlights
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are responsible for many disorders of the human hormone system
This study aimed to develop a fast, sensitive, and validated LC-MS/MS method for two EDCs (AC and AZ) and four hormones
More sharp peaks and selectivity were obtained in the case of Poreshel and Titan because of the smaller particle size than in Synergi Fusion (Fig 3A and 3B)
Summary
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are responsible for many disorders of the human hormone system. This alteration can cause a lot of disorders, like decreasing fertility, malformations in the new birth, and change in the sex ratio of humans [1, 2]. EDCs are molecules in our environment, food, and consumer items that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or function, resulting in disruption of normal homeostatic regulation and reproduction [3, 4]. EDCs work through a variety of mechanisms, including estrogenic, antiandrogenic, thyroid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, retinoid, and other nuclear receptor effects. Many additional mechanisms are highly conserved in both animals and people and can be recreated in vivo and in vitro [2, 6,7,8]
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