Abstract
Biodegradable polymers hold great therapeutic value, especially through the addition of additives for controlled drug release. Nanocellulose has shown promise in drug delivery, yet usually requires chemical crosslinking with harsh acids and solvents. Nanocellulose fibrils (NFCs) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidized nanocellulose fibrils (TNFCs) with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) could be aqueously formulated to control the release of model drug acetaminophen over 144 h. The release was evaluated with a multiphase release mechanism to determine which mechanism(s) contribute to the overall release and to what degree. Doing so indicated that the TNFCs in PVA control the release of acetaminophen more than NFCs in PVA. Modeling showed that this release was mostly due to burst release—drug coming off the immediate surface, rather than diffusing out of the matrix.
Highlights
Controlled drug delivery is of high therapeutic value because it can extend the release time of a single dosage
Nanocellulose is typically classified into three major categories: 1) cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), 2) nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), and 3) bacterial cellulose (BC) [3,4,5,6,8]
Polyvinyl alcohol film formulations were varied in terms of both material (NFC vs. tim(NeFpCe)riaondds.about 28% (TNFC)) and drug concentration without using any chemical linkers
Summary
Controlled drug delivery is of high therapeutic value because it can extend the release time of a single dosage. Drug-loaded matrices include cellulose as suitable tablets for oral administration In many of these formulations, nanocellulose is able to control the rate of drug release and deliver the appropriate drug concentration over time [19]. More specific types of controlled release mechanisms incorporate polymer morphology and the internal structure through which the drug moves to reach the surrounding environment as well as properties specific to the chosen material (i.e., polarity, crystallinity, viscosity, molecular weight, additives) [2,20,23,25]. Incorporating the dissolution/relaxation mechanism would allow mathematical models to more accurately reflect the true driving forces that control the flux of drug through and out of the delivery platform [1]. Samples were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (Shimadzu, reversed-phase C18) at 254 nm
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