Evaluation of a PET detector based on SiPMs and FPGA-only MVT digitizers

Abstract

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are considered among the most promising sensors for positron emission tomography (PET) applications. To fully utilize the fast response of SiPMs, a 1-to-1 coupling configuration for scintillators and sensors is applied in SiPM-based detectors, leading to a vast number of channels to process. Previously, we have proposed a multi-voltage threshold (MVT) sampling method that can digitize scintillation pulses by means of simplified circuits. The feasibility of implementing MVT digitizers with only field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) was proven, and hence, a digital PET detector module based on SiPMs was developed. In this work, we report the performance of our upgraded detector modules based on an evaluation of a fully functional demonstrator system. The system has the form of a 12-sided ring with a 108 mm diameter and a 25 mm axial length composed of 6 detector modules. Our measurements show an energy resolution of 18.9% at 511 keV and a coincidence timing resolution of 354 ps. With an energy window of 450–650 keV, the absolute sensitivity at the center of the scanner is 1.11%. The spatial resolutions are 2.08, 2.19 and 2.24 mm in the radial, tangential and axial directions, respectively. Since inter-crystal scatter (ICS) can cause count loss in the system, a recovery scheme is employed for the same data. As a result, the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio in the uniform region for an image quality phantom increase by 83% and 19%, respectively. However, we observe a compromised time resolution of 419 ps and a deterioration of 7–12% in spatial resolution.