Abstract
Missense somatic mutations affecting histone H3.1 and H3.3 proteins are now accepted as the hallmark of paediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG), non-brain stem paediatric high grade gliomas (pHGG) as well as a subset of adult glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Different mutations give rise to one of three amino acid substitutions at two critical positions within the histone tails, K27M, G34R/V. Several studies have highlighted gene expression and epigenetic changes associated with histone H3 mutations; however their precise roles in tumourigenesis remain incompletely understood. Determining how such amino acid substitutions in a protein affect its properties can be challenging because of difficulties in detecting and tracking mutant proteins within cells and tissues. Here we describe a strategy for the generation of antibodies to discriminate G34R and G34V mutant histone H3 proteins from their wild-type counterparts. Antibodies were validated by western blotting and immunocytochemistry, using recombinant H3.3 proteins and paediatric GBM cell lines. The H3-G34R antibody demonstrated a high degree of selectivity towards its target sequence. Accordingly, immunostaining on a cohort of 22 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumours with a previously known H3.3 G34R mutation status, detected successfully the corresponding mutant protein in 11/11 G34R cases. Since there was a high concordance between genotype and immunohistochemical analysis of G34R mutant tumour samples, we analysed a series of tissue microarrays (TMAs) to assess the specificity of the antibody in a range of paediatric brain tumours, and noted immunoreactivity in 2/634 cases. Importantly, we describe the generation and validation of highly specific antibodies for G34 mutations. Overall our work adds to an extremely valuable portfolio of antibodies, not only for histopathologic detection of tumour-associated mutant histone sequences, but also facilitating the study of spatial/anatomical aspects of tumour formation and the identification of downstream targets and pathways in malignant glioma progression.
Highlights
Missense somatic mutations affecting histone H3.1 and H3.3 proteins are highly prevalent in diffuse midline gliomas and in a subset of hemispheric paediatric highgrade gliomas [5, 8, 9, 15], for which prognosis is very poor
Recent developments have revealed that the H3 K27M mutation changes the epigenetic landscape by inhibiting the methyltransferase activity of EZH2 in the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which leads to global reduction of K27me3 levels [11]
Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against synthetic histone peptide sequences carrying G34R or G34V mutations, with an Nterminal Cys residue included to allow conjugation of synthetic peptide to carrier prior to immunisation (Fig. 1, top)
Summary
Missense somatic mutations affecting histone H3.1 and H3.3 proteins are highly prevalent in diffuse midline gliomas and in a subset of hemispheric paediatric highgrade gliomas (pHGG) [5, 8, 9, 15], for which prognosis is very poor. The K27 and G34 mutations have been found to be associated with specific anatomical locations of distinct gene expression profiles and more recently with distinct epigenetic subgroups [3, 4, 12, 13]. Recent developments have revealed that the H3 K27M mutation changes the epigenetic landscape by inhibiting the methyltransferase activity of EZH2 in the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which leads to global reduction of K27me levels [11]. Despite these insights, the mechanistic roles of different histone mutations in gliomagenesis remain incompletely understood and have not yet led to the realisation of therapeutic targets [8]
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