Evaluation of a combustion model for the simulation of hydrogen spark-ignition engines using a CFD code

Abstract

The present work deals with the evaluation of a combustion model that has been developed, in order to simulate the power cycle of hydrogen spark-ignition engines. The motivation for the development of such a model is to obtain a simple combustion model with few calibration constants, applicable to a wide range of engine configurations, incorporated in an in-house CFD code using the RNG k– ɛ turbulence model. The calculated cylinder pressure traces, gross heat release rate diagrams and exhaust nitric oxide (NO) emissions are compared with the corresponding measured ones at various engine loads. The engine used is a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine fueled with hydrogen, operating at a constant engine speed of 600 rpm. This model is composed of various sub-models used for the simulation of combustion of conventional fuels in SI engines; it has been adjusted in the current study specifically for hydrogen combustion. The basic sub-model incorporated for the calculation of the reaction rates is the characteristic conversion time-scale method, meaning that a time-scale is used depending on the laminar conversion time and the turbulent mixing time, which dictates to what extent the combustible gas has reached its chemical equilibrium during a predefined time step. Also, the laminar and turbulent combustion velocity is used to track the flame development within the combustion chamber, using two correlations for the laminar flame speed and the Zimont/Lipatnikov approach for the modeling of the turbulent flame speed, whereas the (NO) emissions are calculated according to the Zeldovich mechanism. From the evaluation conducted, it is revealed that by using the developed hydrogen combustion model and after adjustment of the unique model calibration constant, there is an adequate agreement with measured data (regarding performance and emissions) for the investigated conditions. However, there are a few more issues to be resolved dealing mainly with the ignition process and the applicability of a reliable set of constants for the emission calculations.