Abstract
Currently, the selection of materials for tissue engineering scaffolds is still limited because some tissues require flexible and compatible materials with human cells. Medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (MCL-PHA) synthesized in microorganisms is an interesting polymer for use in this area and has elastomeric properties compatible with the human body. MCL-PHAs are elastomers with biodegradability and cellular compatibility, making them an attractive material for fabricating soft tissue that requires high elasticity. In this research, MCL-PHA was produced by fed-batch fermentation that Pseudomonas Putida ATCC 47054 was cultured to accumulate MCL-PHA by using glycerol and sodium octanoate as carbon sources. The amounts of dry cell density, MCL-PHA product per dry cells, and MCL-PHA productivity were at 15 g/L, 27%, and 0.067 g/L/h, respectively, and the components of MCL-PHA consisting of 3-hydroxydecanoate (3HD) 64.5%, 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3HO) 32.2%, and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx) 3.3%. The biosynthesized MCL-PHA terpolyester has a relatively low melting temperature, low crystallinity, and high ductility at 52 °C, 15.7%, and 218%, respectively, and considering as elastomeric polyester. The high-resolution scaffold of MCL-PHA terpolyester biomaterial-ink (approximately 0.36 mm porous size) could be printed in a selected condition with a 3D printer, similar to the optimum pore size for cell attachment and proliferation. The rheological characteristic of this MCL-PHA biomaterial-ink exhibits shear-thinning behavior, leading to good shape fidelity. The study results yielded a condition capable of fabricating an elastomer scaffold of the MCL-PHA terpolyester, giving rise to the ideal soft tissue engineering application.
Highlights
The scaffolds currently studied were developed to respond to various specific-tissued properties, such as mechanical support and porosity formation [1]
Scaffold techniques are available to make them more effective in molding and material selection [2,3]. 3D printing is the processing of a workpiece by injecting a material into the shape designed by a computer program [4]
The PHAs can be divided according to the number of carbon atoms within the molecular structure; short-chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (SCL-PHAs) have 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (MCL-PHAs) have 6 to 14 carbon atoms
Summary
The scaffolds currently studied were developed to respond to various specific-tissued properties, such as mechanical support and porosity formation [1]. The PHAs can be divided according to the number of carbon atoms within the molecular structure; short-chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (SCL-PHAs) have 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (MCL-PHAs) have 6 to 14 carbon atoms. These polyesters are biodegradable and biocompatible [14]. MCL-PHAs are highly flexible and degradable, which there are very few elastomer types with these properties It has gained attention in studies of a cardiac tissue scaffold [17] and other biomedical applications with elastomeric properties and cell compatibility. The obtained MCL-PHA has been evaluated by its capability to form porous scaffold using 3D printing techniques for optimization conditions for further utilization and application
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