Abstract
Here, we compared 3D-printed polycaprolactone/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/β-tricalcium phosphate (PCL/PLGA/β-TCP) membranes with the widely used collagen membranes for guided bone regeneration (GBR) in beagle implant models. For mechanical property comparison in dry and wet conditions and cytocompatibility determination, we analyzed the rate and pattern of cell proliferation of seeded fibroblasts and preosteoblasts using the cell counting kit-8 assay and scanning electron microscopy. Osteogenic differentiation was verified using alizarin red S staining. At 8 weeks following implantation in vivo using beagle dogs, computed tomography and histological analyses were performed after sacrifice. Cell proliferation rates in vitro indicated that early cell attachment was higher in collagen than in PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membranes; however, the difference subsided by day 7. Similar outcomes were found for osteogenic differentiation, with approximately 2.5 times greater staining in collagen than PCL/PLGA/β-TCP, but without significant difference by day 14. In vivo, bone regeneration in the defect area, represented by new bone formation and bone-to-implant contact, paralleled those associated with collagen membranes. However, tensile testing revealed that whereas the PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membrane mechanical properties were conserved in both wet and dry states, the tensile property of collagen was reduced by 99% under wet conditions. Our results demonstrate in vitro and in vivo that PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membranes have similar levels of biocompatibility and bone regeneration as collagen membranes. In particular, considering that GBR is always applied to a wet environment (e.g. blood, saliva), we demonstrated that PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membranes maintained their form more reliably than collagen membranes in a wet setting, confirming their appropriateness as a GBR membrane.
Highlights
Adequate bone volume is critical for the successful outcome of dental implants and prosthetic superstructures and to ensure satisfactory predictable aesthetics and long-term prognoses [1, 2]
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the PCL/poly(lacticco-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/β-TCP membrane Representative SEM images of the collagen and PCL/ PLGA/β-TCP membranes are shown in figure 7
The surface of the collagen membrane was smooth and dense (figures 7(a)–(c)), whereas the PCL/PLGA/ β-TCP surface was rough owing to the β-TCP particles
Summary
Adequate bone volume is critical for the successful outcome of dental implants and prosthetic superstructures and to ensure satisfactory predictable aesthetics and long-term prognoses [1, 2]. To enhance the bone volume in the jaw, various methods such as distraction osteogenesis [3], osteoinduction [4], osteoconduction [5], and guided bone regeneration (GBR) [6, 7] have been introduced Among these methods, GBR, a surgical procedure that uses a barrier membrane with or without grafting materials, has been recognized as the method that yields the most predictable results for new bone regeneration in periimplant bone defect sites [8, 9]. J-Y Won et al biocompatibility, cell occlusivity, tissue integration, space maintenance, and manageability [11] To date, both non-resorbable and resorbable commercially available membranes with unique properties have been used in the clinic because they have met consumer needs as GBR membranes [12, 13]. Non-resorbable membranes carry limitations such as a high membrane exposure rate and infection problems; it is primarily used for specific indications in the form of titanium-reinforced expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) or as a titanium-mesh [1, 15]
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