Evaluation and replacement of renal function: history, advancement, and challenges

Abstract

<p indent=0mm>The kidneys are important for the excretion of metabolic and toxic waste from the body, the production of erythropoietin, 1,25-OH-vitamin D, and renin, and the maintenance of the body’s water, salt, and acid-base balance. Various primary or secondary kidney diseases can result in a decreased number of nephrons, resulting in the retention of metabolites in the body, abnormal renal endocrine functions, water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance disorders, and even in the progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) with an irreversible decline in renal function. Complete renal function evaluation includes evaluation of the glomerular function, renal tubular function, and endocrine function, which can be used in the early diagnosis of kidney disease, the determination of the stage of kidney diseases, and monitoring of treatment responses. Renal replacement therapy is essential for maintaining life and improving the quality of life in patients with ESKD. This article will briefly review the history and current status of renal function evaluation and replacement therapy.