Evaluation and prediction of the safe distance in liquid hydrogen spill accident

Abstract

Safety is the primary concern during the processes of storage, transportation and application of liquid hydrogen. The flammable vapor cloud formed by liquid hydrogen spill poses serious threat to life and property, and it is vital to determine safe distance (the maximum downwind distance of flammable vapor cloud to the spill source) for risk assessment and safe protection. Three-dimensional CFD simulations predicting liquid hydrogen spill in open environment are performed, and variation characteristics of safe distance with different parameters are analyzed. The wind transporting, the atmospheric turbulence, and the shear force between cloud and air are all enhanced by increased wind speed, and consequently the safe distance increases in the first phase and then decreases with wind speed. Safe distance is positively related to liquid spill rate, while the increase rate slows down gradually. A correlation that relates safe distance with wind speed and spill rate is then established for the real-time guidance in a liquid hydrogen spill accident.