Abstract
As a response to the need for more objectivity, Loffredo, Harrington, Munoz & Knowles (2004) developed a 40-item version of the Ego State Questionnaire-Revised (ESQ-R), which was the readjustment of the original 60-items version (1997). The present study evaluates an Italian version of the ESQ-R scale, completed by a sample of 483 subjects (204 males, and 279 females) and demonstrates acceptable construct validity and reliability in its five subscales of Critical Parent, Nurturing Parent, Adult, Free Child, and Adapted Child. Exploratory factor analyses suggested five factors as referred to in the original ESQ-R scale; items loaded at .30 or below were excluded and additional study showed an Italian version ESQ-RI with 33-items to have a good construct validity as an objective measure of the five ego states entities according to transactional analysis theory. Implications for future research are included.
Highlights
Transactional analysis theory provides both a structural model of personality and a functional or behavioural model (Berne, 1961, 1966)
Research Question 1 Given that exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is a valuable heuristic strategy to model specification, a Principal Components Analysis was conducted on the total sample data to address Research Question 1
The suitability of the intercorrelation matrix for factor analysis was demonstrated by high inter-item correlations, a strong KMO (.83), and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2[780] = 5997.504, p < .000)
Summary
Transactional analysis theory provides both a structural model of personality and a functional or behavioural model (Berne, 1961, 1966). In the structural model the personality is based on the recognition of three ego states, called the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (Berne, 1961). The structural analysis is referred to as the observation of the executive ego state involved in a specific transaction (Berne, 1963). The functional model is based on both the individual’s and social behaviour, and divides the ego states into five distinct entities: the Critical and Nurturing Parent (CP and NP), the Free and Adapted Child (FC and AC) and the Adult ego state (Woollams & Brown, 1978). Different authors made attempts to measure ego states in a systematic and quantifiable manner, through the development of instruments which empirically measure ego state functions (Heyer, 1979; Thorne & Faro, 1980; Doelker & Griffiths, 1984)
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