Abstract
Spatio-temporal distribution of irrigation water components was evaluated at the canal command area in Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) by using a remote sensing-based geo-informatics approach. Satellite-derived MODIS product-based Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was used for the estimation of the actual evapotranspiration (ETa). The ground data-based advection aridity method (AA) was used to calibrate and validate the model. Statistical analysis of the SEBAL based ETa and AA shows the mean values of 87.1 mm and 47.9 mm during Kharif season (May–November) and 100 mm and 77 mm during the Rabi Season (December–April). Mean NSEs of 0.72 and 0.85 and RMSEs 34.9 and 5.76 during the Kharif and the Rabi seasons were observed for ETa and AA, respectively. Rainfall data were calibrated with the point observatory data of the metrological stations. The average annual ETa was found 899 mm for defined four cropping years (2011–2012 to 2014–2015) with the minimum average value of 63.3 mm in January and the maximum average value of 110.6 mm in August. Average of the sum of net canal water use (NCWU) and rainfall during the study period of four years was 548 mm (36% of ETa). Seasonal analysis revealed 39% and 61% of groundwater extraction proportion during Rabi and Kharif seasons, dependent upon the occurrence of rainfall and crop phenology. Overall, the results provide insight into the interrelationships between key water resources management components and the variation of these through time, offering information to improve the strategic planning and management of available water resources in this region.
Highlights
Management of water resources to feed the swift increasing population is the biggest challenge of the 21st century
The canal command area is between the two rivers (Ravi and Chenab) of Pakistan (Figure 1)
Water supply during Kharif season was 32% more than 305 mm for the LCC (Table 2)
Summary
Management of water resources to feed the swift increasing population is the biggest challenge of the 21st century. [1] found an exponential rise in population in South Asian countries, including Pakistan. Pakistan is one of the ten largest populous countries in the world. The largest irrigation system in the world is Sustainability 2021, 13, 8607. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8607 inefficient, and it never meets the crop water requirement. These gaps include its design of a colonial-based irrigation system [2] with the designed cropping intensity of 75% [3]. The agriculture sector is the largest 97% and 93% user of water in Pakistan described by [4,5], respectively, while the irrigation efficiency of the system is very low with an efficiency of 36% [6]. Groundwater contribution in crop production is 40–50% in the IBIS [8]
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