Abstract
Honey is a natural product well known for its beneficial properties. It contains phytochemicals, a wide class of nutraceuticals found in plants, including compounds with highly demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities as phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The main goal of this work is the development of a miniaturized and environmentally friendly methodology to obtain the phenolic profile of Galician honeys (Northwest Spain) from different varieties such as honeydew, chestnut, eucalyptus, heather, blackberry and multi-floral. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) were also evaluated. As regards sample preparation, miniaturized vortex (VE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) employing aqueous-based solvents were performed. Individual quantification of 41 target phenolic compounds was carried out by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results revealed the presence of 25 phenolic compounds in the 91 analyzed samples, reaching concentrations up to 252 µg g−1. Statistical tools such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to obtain models that allowed classifying the different honeys according to their botanical origin. Obtained results, based on TPC, AA and ∑phenolic compounds showed that significant differences appeared depending on the honey variety, being several of the identified phenol compounds being responsible of the main differentiation.
Highlights
IntroductionHoney is a natural food product well known for its nutritional value, and for its antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties, as several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated [1]
It is worth noting that only a few methods demonstrated accuracy for such a high number of phenolic compounds in honey samples and most of them imply the use of artificial matrices [20] or further experimental steps, mainly based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) to remove matrix components such as sugars [27]
A relationship seems to exist between the total concentration of target phenolic compounds and the total phenolic content (TPC) values, since the highest TPC was found in the heather sample HE1 that shows the highest sum of phenolic compounds, 252 μg g−1
Summary
Honey is a natural food product well known for its nutritional value, and for its antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties, as several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated [1]. From a compositional point of view, honey is a highly concentrated solution of complex mixture of sugars: fructose (38%), glucose (31%), water (17%), maltose (7%), as well as trisaccharides, other higher carbohydrates, sucrose, minerals, vitamins, and enzymes. Its composition depends strongly on the plant species from which the nectar or the honeydew was collected, and other factors, such as postharvest treatments, geographical, environmental or climate conditions [2,3]. Honey is among the top ten foods with the highest adulteration rate in the European Union, that implies a detrimental to its quality and consumers safety [4]
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