Abstract
There is a global push to develop renewable energy to further a low-carbon society. However, the nature of variable renewable energy (VRE) sources such as wind power and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems may create problems because electricity grids require a stable power supply to match demand. To evaluate the potential capacity of VREs that may be installed, we develop an optimized model that balances power supply and demand and also considers grid balancing by battery storage and load frequency control. The model was applied to a case study of an isolated grid on a remote Japanese island. When set to optimize the grid in terms of lowest cost, the model suggested that, compared with the base case, the capacity of wind power should be increased by a factor of 1.7 and 15.8 for situations without and with battery storage, respectively. Since it was always considered to be more expensive than wind power, no change in solar PV capacity was observed. These approaches resulted in a decrease in the total power generation cost of 2% and 24%, respectively, while total CO2 emissions fell by 3% and 52%, primarily driven by decreased used of the existing fossil-fueled thermal plant.
Highlights
Technologies based on renewable energy (RE) offer a clean and inexhaustible source of energy, and such technologies are expected to play an important role in mitigating the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and in sustainable development [1,2,3,4]
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A model that optimizes power supply to meet demand was developed to evaluate the potential for installing variable renewable energy (VRE) capacity by considering the hourly grid balance and LFC constraints
Summary
Technologies based on renewable energy (RE) offer a clean and inexhaustible source of energy, and such technologies are expected to play an important role in mitigating the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and in sustainable development [1,2,3,4]. The deployment of VREs requires considering how to ensure a stable grid, it remains an appealing option for remote Japanese islands because: (a) increasing VRE can decrease the islands’ heavy dependence on fuels imported from the mainland as well as the cost of electricity; (b) VRE can increase the ability of the grids to supply power in the event of natural disasters; and (c) it aligns with the Japanese Act on the Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures, which urges subnational governments to implement locally tailored programs to limit GHG emissions With these factors in mind, using local characteristics to evaluate the potential VRE capacity that could be installed while maintaining a stable grid is useful for designing future energy systems in these communities. VthRaEt w. hile the power planning model developed by Ogimoto et al [16] accommodates VRE unceTrtoaiandtidesre, sitsftohceusgeasponinbtahleanlcitienrgattuhreeg, rwide rhaathveerbthuailnt aopptoimwiezrinsgupthpelyamanodundteomf ainnsdtamlleoddVelRfEo.r a smallTograidddrthesast thfiendgsapthine thope tliimteraaltuamre,owunethoavf einbsutialltlaedpoVwReEr stuoppmlyinaimndizdeemeitahnedr mthoedetloftoarl apsomwaelrl ggerinderthataitofinncdosstthoerotpottiaml aCl Oam eomunistsoiof ninss.tTalhleeddVeRmEantodmininsimmiazlel,eriethmeortteh,eistolatnaldpgorwidesr gisenuesruaatilolyn mcoestt woritthotfaolsCsiOl f2ueeml pisoswioenrs.pTlahnetsd.eWmhanend VinRsEmiasliln, rteromdoutcee, dis,laenxidstginrigdssyisstuesmusalalyndmneet wwibthatftoesrsyilsftuoeral gpeowcaenr bpelanutsse.dWthoenbaVlRanEcies itnhterogdruidce. dW, eexiastlisnogtshyesrteefmorseanudseneowurbartetmeroytestoJarapgaenecasen biselaunsdedctaosebaslatundceythtoe ignrvides. tWigeataelsthoethaebrieliftoyroefutsheesoeurrersepmonotseivJeapteacnhensoeloisglaiensdtocamseitsigtuadteythtoe ifnluvcetsutiagtianteg tohuetpaubitliftryomofVthReEsse troesepnosnusrievesttaebclhenpoolowgeiressutoppmlyit.igate the fluctuating output from VREs to ensure stable power supply
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