Evaluating the potential of Special Olympics fitness models as a health intervention for adults with intellectual disabilities

Abstract

BackgroundPeople with intellectual disabilities (ID) have high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors; yet, few behavioral health interventions are designed and implemented for people with ID. ObjectiveThis study examined Special Olympics Inc. (SOI) fitness models as a potential intervention to reduce CVD risk in people with ID. MethodsData from SOI fitness models implemented in 2016–2018 were assessed. Special Olympics Programs received funding, resources, and technical assistance from SOI to conduct fitness models centered on inclusive physical activity and goal setting. Weight, body mass index, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured at baseline and 4–12 weeks into the model. Multi-level multivariable quintile linear regression assessed change. Results383 participants with ID (athletes) and 281 partners without ID met inclusion criteria. Mean weight loss among athletes was 0.67 kg and 132 (31.9%) lost ≥ 1 kg. Blood pressure decreased in SBP quintile 4 (−7.52 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.8, −4.0), SBP quintile 5 (−9.52 mm Hg, 95% CI: 13.5, −5.6), and DBP quintile 5 (−7.49 mm Hg, 95% CI: 13.1, −1.9). Partners had similar results. Strongest effects were in a ‘high-risk’ group that was in the quintile 4 or 5 in all baseline measures. ConclusionIn fitness models developed to improve fitness for people with ID, there was a reduction in weight and blood pressure. SOI fitness models show promise and potential as a health intervention. This work enables further examination of indicators for successful implementation and evaluation of health.