Evaluating the Implementation and Effectiveness of a Low-Dose Mindfulness-Based Intervention in a Student Sample: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

ObjectivesThe aim of the current study was to investigate whether a low-dose mindfulness-based intervention had short- and middle-term effects on primary (mindfulness, mental and physical health, self-efficacy) and secondary outcomes (attentional control, body awareness, emotion regulation and nonattachment). Further, the study examined whether participant compliance (course attendance, mindfulness practice at home) and satisfaction improved the change in primary and secondary outcomes.MethodsIn a randomized controlled trial, 71 university students were assigned to a mindfulness group (n = 35) or a waitlist group (n = 36). The intervention was a 6-week mindfulness-based training. The outcome variables were measured at pre- and postintervention, and at 2.5 months postintervention.ResultsAt postintervention and at follow-up, the students in the mindfulness group showed a greater increase over time in mindfulness, self-efficacy, body awareness, and reappraisal than the students in the waitlist control group (Cohen’s d = 0.43–1.06). Although a significant intervention effect on nonattachment was found in the Per Protocol sample at postintervention and at follow-up, this effect was not significant in the Intention-To-Treat sample. Further, satisfaction with the training, course attendance, and the frequency of mindfulness practice at home were associated with positive changes in outcome variables.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that a low-dose mindfulness-based intervention can promote mindfulness, self-efficacy, body awareness, and reappraisal in students. The quality of implementation seems to be important for the benefits of a low-dose mindfulness-based training.