Evaluating the Effectiveness of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models Combined Time-Series Satellite Data for Multiple Crop Types Classification over a Large-Scale Region

Abstract

Accurate extraction of crop cultivated area and spatial distribution is essential for food security. Crop classification methods based on machine learning and deep learning and remotely sensed time-series data are widely utilized to detect crop planting area. However, few studies assess the effectiveness of machine learning and deep learning algorithm integrated time-series satellite data for identifying multiple crop type classification over a large-scale region. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of machine learning and deep learning models in crop classification and provide a framework for large-scale multiple crop type classification based on time-series of satellite data. The time-series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and NaE (combined NDVI and EVI) were adopted as input features, and four widely used machine learning models, including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and their integration (Stacking) were compared to examine the performance of multiple crop types (i.e., wheat, corn, wheat-corn, early rice, and early rice-late rice) classification in the North China Plain. The performance of two types of deep learning classifiers: the One-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (Conv1D) and Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM), were also tested. The results showed that the NaE feature performed best among three input features, and the Stacking model produced the highest accuracy (77.12%) compared to other algorithms.