Abstract
A microgrid is a small-scale energy system with its own generation and storage facilities and energy management system, which includes shiftable and traditional loads. The purpose of this research is to determine the size of the microgrid through (i) investigating the effect of a shiftable demand response program (DRP) on sizing of an islanded microgrid and (ii) studying the uncertainty of power output of renewable energy sources by applying the robust optimization (RO) method. Since the RO method solves the problem for lower power outputs of renewable energy sources (RES) than the predicted values, the results obtained are pessimistic and will increase the project cost. To deal with the increment of project cost, the application of a load shifting DRP is proposed to reduce the cost. In addition, DRPs are suitable means to reduce the effects of uncertain power sources. Therefore, it is shown that a shiftable DRP is effective in reducing the overall project cost and the dependency on energy storage systems by defining different scenarios and simulating them with General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software. Moreover, it is indicated that the shiftable DRP and battery state of charge have correlations with solar irradiance and wind speed, respectively.
Highlights
Microgrid refers to a small-scale power system with independent energy management process consisting of shiftable and conventional loads, energy sources, and energy storage devices [1,2]
By comparing these figures in the first step, it is obvious that the consideration of uncertainty for renewable energy sources (RES) increases the size of system components and the consideration of uncertainty for RESs increases the size of system components and in the second step, it can be noted that the demand response program (DRP) implementation increases the calculated capacity of RESs and decreases the calculated capacity of the battery energy storage system (BESS)
By comparing these figures in the first step, it is obvious that the consideration of uncertainty for RESs increases the size of system components and in the second step, it can be noted that the DRP implementation increases the calculated in the second step, it can be noted that the DRP implementation increases the calculated capacity of RESs and decreases the calculated capacity of the BESS
Summary
Microgrid refers to a small-scale power system with independent energy management process consisting of shiftable and conventional loads, energy sources, and energy storage devices [1,2]. Most of the existing literature has optimized the sizing problem without considering the uncertain nature of RESs, and in the case of considering these uncertainties, the RO was not applied concurrent with DRPs. considering potential uncertainties along with implementing the RO method is one of the main contributions of this research. By changing the robust budget of uncertainty and DRP participation factors, suitable tradeoff scenarios can be generated in the IMG sizing problem As another significant contribution of paper, the potential uncertainties are considered by an accurate method without decreasing cost function via shiftable DRP.
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