Abstract
Research and development (R&D) are always oriented towards new discoveries, based on original terms or hypotheses, and their concluding outcomes are often uncertain. The present work focused on the degree of uncertainty for R&D activities. In fact, uncertainty makes it difficult to quantify the time and resources needed to achieve a final outcome, create a work plan and budget, and finalize the resulting “innovative” products or services that could be transferred or exchanged in a specific market. The present work attempts to indicate the degree of uncertainty of the research activities developed by a set of firms. The method used aimed to quantify the five criteria defined by the Manual of Frascati. Through the creation of an uncertainty cloud, a cone of uncertainty was defined following an approach based on project management. The evaluation grid was characterized by the decomposition of the different variables divided into quartiles, which allowed for the detection of the evolution of the project and each of its component. The ancillary objective aim was to also observe the development degree of these industries towards a framework of Industry 4.0.
Highlights
Research and development (R&D) is always oriented towards new discoveries, based on original innovation topics or hypotheses [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8], and their concluding outcome is often uncertain [9,10,11]
Research operates in accordance with the methodological approach contained in the Frascati Manual. for the measurement of the degree of creativity and novelty, the present analysis referred to the following principles in the Manual of Frascati [34]: (i) in the business sector, the potential for innovation in R&D projects must be assessed by comparing it with the existing knowledge base in the sector
Activities aimed at copying, imitating or decoding knowledge are excluded from research and development as they are not new knowledge; and (ii) a research and development project must have as its objective the creation of new ideas that improve state-of-the-art processes, products, and services
Summary
Research and development (R&D) is always oriented towards new discoveries, based on original innovation topics or hypotheses [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8], and their concluding outcome is often uncertain [9,10,11]. Uncertainty regarding Industry 4.0 is triggered by the high intricacy of the subject and a deficiency of current guidance in the direction of the comprehension of the visions and concepts [60,61,62,63,64,65] This phenomenon is interesting for evaluating several case studies on communication among the main network components of Industry 4.0 based on massive amounts of data collected regarding self-control, beyond a secure internal network [61,62,63]. Structural uncertainty (in terms of a binary way of describing uncertainty) will occur when there are opportunities to identify the chain of cause and effect relationships regarding the analyzed events (economic, technological, social, legal, etc.); but, due to the huge dynamic development of Industry 4.0, it will not be possible to determine probable future events based on present conditions. Uncertainty of objective often in experimentation during the experimental action or study should be recalibrated objectives for the following factors arising from some specifics described below: Non-economic sustainability
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