Abstract
Effects of ballast water treatment by advanced electro-catalysis oxidation processes (AEOP) on abundance, activity, and diversity of marine bacteria were examined in a full-scale ballast water management system (BWMS) at Yangshan Port, Shanghai, China. Water samples were collected immediately after treatment and at discharge to evaluate the contingency treatment performance of the BWMS for bacteria. After treatment, the total viable count reduced to 0.7 × 104 CFU·mL-1, and both Escherichia coli and enterococci decreased to 10 CFU·100 mL-1, which satisfied the D-2 Standard of the International Maritime Organization. AEOP can be as an effective contingency reception facility. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons demonstrated the declining trend in bacterial diversity, and while the treatment did not completely eliminate the risk of bacterial dispersal, potentially pathogenic bacteria survived in treated and discharged samples. Bacterial diversity is of greater concern when evaluating effects of ballast water treatment on microorganisms because the bacteria which can develop adaptive mechanisms to environmental change will have a greater potential for invasion in the new environment.
Highlights
Marine bioinvasion is defined as damage to the environment when marine organisms disperse outside their native ecosystems, and ballast water is a major vector for biological invasion (Anil et al 2002; Dobbs & Rogerson 2005)
To ensure the ballast water management system (BWMS) is widely used in natural water bodies, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the US Coast Guard carried out a BWMS type approval land-based experiment of water dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and total suspended solids (TSS) configuration requirements
We inspected indicator bacteria specified in the IMO standards (IMO 2004)
Summary
Marine bioinvasion is defined as damage to the environment when marine organisms disperse outside their native ecosystems, and ballast water is a major vector for biological invasion (Anil et al 2002; Dobbs & Rogerson 2005). The convention requires that ballast water is treated at uptake and/or discharge to reduce the number of organisms to meet the ballast water discharge standard (Gollasch & David 2019) It was found (National Research Council 1996) that the most effective way to control the transport of organisms in ship ballast tanks would be by including a ballast water management system (BWMS). Since techniques such as the addition of chemicals, electrochlorination of seawater, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, ozone, deoxygenation, and heating have been applied to reduce the content of microorganisms in BW (Goncalves & Gagnon 2012)
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