Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease mediated by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. In recent years, the emergence of high-throughput sequencing has allowed us to investigate the role of gut microbiota in the development of T1D. Significant changes in the composition of gut microbiome, also termed dysbiosis, have been found in subjects with clinical or preclinical T1D. However, whether the dysbiosis is a cause or an effect of the disease remains unclear. Currently, increasing evidence has supported a causal link between intestine microflora and T1D development. The current review will focus on recent research regarding the associations between intestine microbiome and T1D progression with an intention to evaluate the causality. We will also discuss the possible mechanisms by which imbalanced gut microbiota leads to the development of T1D.
Highlights
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by insufficient insulin production, which is caused by autoreactive T-cell-mediated partial or complete destruction of islet beta cells in patients [1, 2], with a high incidence in children and young adults [3]
In a study investigating the bacterial compositional differences among children with T1D and maturity-onset diabetes of the young 2 (MODY2) and healthy control subjects by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, the authors concluded that T1D children presented with a reduced level of Bifidobacterium, and perhaps even more interestingly, it was observed that the intestinal microbiota profile of T1D patients was different from healthy subjects and subjects with MODY2 [30]
A large number of studies have demonstrated that the altered abundance of specific members or reduced diversity of gut microbiota was associated with the progression of T1D
Summary
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by insufficient insulin production, which is caused by autoreactive T-cell-mediated partial or complete destruction of islet beta cells in patients [1, 2], with a high incidence in children and young adults [3]. Conflicting data with regard to F/B ratio in individuals diagnosed with T1D have been published too [28, 29], which may be attributed to different sample sizes, data analysis approaches, and geographical location Another common gut microbiome shift associated with the T1D development is the decreased microbial diversity, which has been reported both in T1D children [30, 31] and in autoantibodypositive children [26, 27, 32]. In a study investigating the bacterial compositional differences among children with T1D and maturity-onset diabetes of the young 2 (MODY2) and healthy control subjects by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing, the authors concluded that T1D children presented with a reduced level of Bifidobacterium, and perhaps even more interestingly, it was observed that the intestinal microbiota profile of T1D patients was different from healthy subjects and subjects with MODY2 [30].
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