Abstract
BackgroundThe occupation of community health worker (CHW) has evolved to support community member navigation of complex health and social systems. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics formally recognized the occupation of community health worker (CHW) in 2009. Since then, various national and state efforts to professionalize the occupation have been undertaken. The Community Health Workers Core Consensus (C3) project released a set of CHW roles and competency recommendations meant to provide evidence-based standards for CHW roles across work settings. Some states have adopted the recommendations; however, there are a variety of approaches regarding the regulation of the occupation. As of 2020, 19 U.S. states have implemented voluntary statewide CHW certification programs. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between state regulation of CHWs and adoption of standard roles, skills, and qualities by employers in select states.MethodsThis mixed methods study used purposive sampling of job ads for CHWs posted by employers from 2017 to 2020 in select states. Natural language processing was used to extract content from job ads and preprocess the data for statistical analysis. ANOVA, chi-square analysis, and MANOVA was used to test hypotheses related to the relationship between state regulation of CHWs and differences in skills, roles, and qualities employers seek based on seniority of state regulatory processes and employer types.ResultsThe mean job ads with nationally identified roles, skills, and qualities varies significantly by state policy type (F(2, 4801) = 26.21) and by employer type (F(4, 4799) = 69.08, p = 0.000).ConclusionsEmployment of CHWs is increasing to provide culturally competent care, address the social determinants of health, and improve access to health and social services for members of traditionally underserved communities. Employers in states with CHW certification programs were associated with greater adoption of occupational standards set by state and professional organizations. Wide adoption of such standards may improve recognition of the CHW workforce as a valuable resource in addressing the needs of high-need and marginalized groups.
Highlights
The occupation of community health worker (CHW) has evolved to support community member navigation of complex health and social systems
This study of CHW employment trends and state policy changes was conducted in three phases that were comprised of qualitative interviews, analysis of job ads using Natural Language Processing (NLP), and job ad content analysis
Twenty three percent of the ads were from states with no state certification program, 63% were derived from states with certification programs less than 5 years, and approximately 14% were from a state with long standing CHW certification program
Summary
The occupation of community health worker (CHW) has evolved to support community member navigation of complex health and social systems. Individuals employed in the CHW roles provide a range of services, including outreach, community education, informal counseling, social support, and advocacy [1]. Other national and state level efforts to develop core competencies, establish standards for training and certification programs, and improve financing mechanisms have emerged. A trusting relationship is a core assumption that supports CHWs serving effectively as liaisons or intermediaries between health/social services and the community to facilitate individual and group access to services, as well as improve the quality and cultural competence of CHW services.”. The Community Health Worker Core Consensus (C3) Project defined roles and competencies (grouped as skills and qualities) are meant to serve as standards for state CHW occupational certification and training programs. Some states have adopted the recommendations; there remains wide variation in states’ approaches toward regulating the occupation and adoption of the role definitions and competencies by employers
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