Abstract
BackgroundMosquito age and species identification is a crucial determinant of the efficacy of vector control programmes. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has previously been applied successfully to rapidly, non-destructively, and simultaneously determine the age and species of freshly anesthetized African malaria vectors from the Anopheles gambiae s.l. species complex: An. gambiae s. s. and Anopheles arabiensis. However, this has only been achieved on freshly-collected specimens and future applications will require samples to be preserved between field collections and scanning by NIRS. In this study, a sample preservation method (RNAlater®) was evaluated for mosquito age and species identification by NIRS against scans of fresh samples.MethodsTwo strains of An. gambiae s.s. (CDC and G3) and two strains of An. arabiensis (Dongola, KGB) were reared in the laboratory while the third strain of An. arabiensis (Ifakara) was reared in a semi-field system. All mosquitoes were scanned when fresh and rescanned after preservation in RNAlater® for several weeks. Age and species identification was determined using a cross-validation.ResultsThe mean accuracy obtained for predicting the age of young (<7 days) or old (≥ 7 days) of all fresh (n = 633) and all preserved (n = 691) mosquito samples using the cross-validation technique was 83% and 90%, respectively. For species identification, accuracies were 82% for fresh against 80% for RNAlater® preserved. For both analyses, preserving mosquitoes in RNAlater® was associated with a highly significant reduction in the likelihood of a misclassification of mosquitoes as young or old using NIRS. Important to note is that the costs for preserving mosquito specimens with RNAlater® ranges from 3-13 cents per insect depending on the size of the tube used and the number of specimens pooled in one tube.ConclusionRNAlater® can be used to preserve mosquitoes for subsequent scanning and analysis by NIRS to determine their age and species with minimal costs and with accuracy similar to that achieved from fresh insects. Cold storage availability allows samples to be stored longer than a week after field collection. Further study to develop robust calibrations applicable to other strains from diverse ecological settings is recommended.
Highlights
Mosquito age and species identification is a crucial determinant of the efficacy of vector control programmes
Since RNAlater® is currently being used by some researchers to preserve mosquitoes and has some advantages over desiccants and solvents for subsequent DNA analysis and dissection, the objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for determining the age and species of freshly anesthetized An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis to those preserved in RNAlater®
Age-grading using the cross-validation technique Table 1 shows accuracies of predicting mosquito age, or of predicting as young (
Summary
Mosquito age and species identification is a crucial determinant of the efficacy of vector control programmes. Sibling species identification within the critically important An. gambiae complex and the Anopheles funestus group from Africa relies almost exclusively upon standard Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [23] and multiplex PCR [24,25] protocols These protocols are time consuming and can be costly in a resource limited area. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been developed as a complimentary age grading and species identification tool for Africa’s main malaria vectors An. gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes [26,27]. This NIRS technique is more cost-effective than PCR after about 7,000 samples have been analysed [26] For mosquitoes, this tool has only been applied to fresh anesthetized samples, limiting its use in large-scale studies where preserving samples collected under widely-dispersed sampling sites is often essential
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