Abstract
In this study, 24 h quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) by a cloud-resolving model (with a grid spacing of 2.5 km) on days 1–3 for 29 typhoons in six seasons of 2010–2015 in Taiwan were examined using categorical scores and rain gauge data. The study represents an update from a previous study for 2010–2012, in order to produce more stable and robust statistics toward the high thresholds (typically with fewer sample points), which is our main focus of interest. This is important to better understand the model’s ability to predict such high-impact typhoon rainfall events. The overall threat scores (TS, defined as the fraction among all verification points that are correctly predicted to reach a given threshold to all points that are either observed or predicted to reach that threshold, or both) were 0.28 and 0.18 on day 1 (0–24 h) QPFs, 0.25 and 0.16 on day 2 (24–48 h) QPFs, and 0.15 and 0.08 on day 3 (48–72 h) QPFs at 350 mm and 500 mm, respectively, showing improvements over 5 km models. Moreover, as found previously, a strong dependence of higher TSs for larger rainfall events also existed, and the corresponding TSs at 350 and 500 mm for the top 5% of events were 0.39 and 0.25 on day 1, 0.38 and 0.21 on day 2, and 0.25 and 0.12 on day 3. Thus, for the top typhoon rainfall events that have the highest potential for hazards, the model exhibits an even higher ability for QPFs based on categorical scores. Furthermore, it is shown that the model has little tendency to overpredict or underpredict rainfall for all groups of events with different rainfall magnitude across all thresholds, except for some tendency to under-forecast for the largest event group on day 3. Some issues associated with categorical statistics to be aware of are also demonstrated and discussed.
Highlights
The Central Weather Bureau (CWB) and the Taiwan Typhoon and Flood Research Institute (TTFRI) perform routine verification for the quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) using their 5 km models based on rain-gauge observations
1, 0.21 and 0.12 on day 2, and 0.08 and 0.01 on day 3, respectively. These scores from deterministic forecasts over three seasons at least match the best results for single seasons reported above, if not better, and show that typhoon heavy-rainfall QPFs in Taiwan at high thresholds can be improved using a higher model resolution and a larger fine-grid domain
While the above results using exclusive groups of A–D in Section 4.1 are informative and clearly demonstrate the dependence of threat score (TS) on event magnitude, a different classifiand clearly demonstrate the dependence of TSs on event magnitude, a different classificacation scheme was used
Summary
The CWB and the Taiwan Typhoon and Flood Research Institute (TTFRI) perform routine (point-to-point) verification for the QPFs using their 5 km models based on rain-gauge observations (see Figure 1) While these regional models have consistently demonstrated a better ability than the coarser global models to predict rainfall at higher thresholds (e.g., [22,23]), their TS values on day 1 (0–24 h) are below 0.4 at 100 mm and about 0.16 at 350 mm [23,24]. 1, 0.21 and 0.12 on day 2, and 0.08 and 0.01 on day 3, respectively These scores from deterministic forecasts over three seasons at least match the best results for single seasons reported above, if not better, and show that typhoon heavy-rainfall QPFs in Taiwan at high thresholds can be improved using a higher model resolution and a larger fine-grid domain.
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