Abstract
Since opening in 2010, The Carmel Tunnels have redirected some of the traffic from within the City of Haifa in Israel. This paper studies the direct and indirect financial and environmental benefits of the Carmel Tunnels compared to alternative routes. Di-rect benefits for drivers include financial savings thanks to savings on time and gas. Indirect benefits for drivers and for the public include reduced air pollution, green-house gas emissions and noise. Results show significant positive benefits from using the Carmel Tunnels compared to various alternative routes (i.e., reference scenarios). During peak hours (8 am and 4 pm), when there is heavy traffic on the alternative routes, the total benefits increase by about 25% - 47%. Using tunnels for transportation allows, among other benefits, efficient use of underground land, redirecting traffic congestion from town centers, decreasing landscape damage due to major roads passing through open spaces, and reducing air pollution in residential areas.
Highlights
The demand for land in cities is increasing constantly
Using tunnels for transportation allows, among other benefits, efficient use of underground land, redirecting traffic congestion from town centers, decreasing landscape damage due to major roads passing through open spaces, and reducing air pollution in residential areas
Using tunnels for transportation allows efficient use of underground land, redirecting traffic congestion from town centers, decreasing landscape damage due to major roads passing through open spaces, and more
Summary
The demand for land in cities is increasing constantly. Higher prices and costs of above ground open possible uses underground—mainly municipal and transportation infrastructure.Underground infrastructure can provide location of activities or infrastructures that are difficult, impossible, environmentally undesirable or less profitable to install above ground. The demand for land in cities is increasing constantly. Higher prices and costs of above ground open possible uses underground—mainly municipal and transportation infrastructure. Underground infrastructure can provide location of activities or infrastructures that are difficult, impossible, environmentally undesirable or less profitable to install above ground. Underground provides mechanical, thermal and acoustical protection, as well. O. Ayalon et al 1260 as protecting the surface environment from the risks and/or disturbances, such as air pollution and providing aesthetically acceptable landscape [1] [2]. Main Motives for Underground Building in Developed Countries
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
