Abstract
Low phytic acid (LPA) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] genotypes reduce indigestible PA in soybean seeds in order to improve feeding efficiency of mono- and agastric animals, but often exhibit low field emergence, resulting in reduced yield. In this study, four LPA soybean varieties with two different genetic backgrounds were studied to assess their emergence and yield characters under 12 seed treatment combinations including two broad-spectrum, preplant fungicides (i.e., ApronMaxx (mefenoxam: (R,S)-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-methoxyacetylamino]-propionic acid methyl ester; fludioxonil: 4-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile) and Rancona Summit (ipconazole: 2-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-(1-methylethyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl) cyclopentanol; metalaxyl: N-(methooxyacetyl)-N-(2,6-xylyl)-DL-alaninate)), osmotic priming, and MicroCel-E coating. Two normal-PA (NPA) varieties served as controls. Both irrigated and non-irrigated plots were planted in Blacksburg and Orange, Virginia, USA in 2014 and 2015. Results revealed that three seed treatments (fungicides Rancona Summit and ApronMaxx, as well as Priming + Rancona) significantly improved field emergence by 6.4–11.6% across all genotypes, compared with untreated seeds. Seed priming was negatively associated with emergence across LPA genotypes. Seed treatments did not increase the yield of any genotype. LPA genotypes containing mips or lpa1/lpa2 mutations, produced satisfactory emergence similar to NPA under certain soil and environmental conditions due to the interaction of genotype and environment. Effective seed treatments applied to LPA soybeans along with the successful development of LPA germplasm by soybean breeding programs, will increase use of LPA varieties by commercial soybean growers, ultimately improving animal nutrition while easing environmental impact.
Highlights
Grain soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] is one of the most important crops for animal feed in the United States due to its high protein content and wide adaptability
Recent studies showed that many transcriptional genes in biological processes, such as those related to phytic acid metabolism and seed dormancy were involved in this process and the expression diversification of antioxidation-related and hormone-related genes were reported to strongly contribute to variations of emergence rate of LPA soybean lines [8,9,10]
High levels of PA in soybean seeds may lead to animal mineral and protein malnutrition
Summary
Grain soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] is one of the most important crops for animal feed in the United States due to its high protein content and wide adaptability. Seventy-five percent of phosphorus (P) in soybean seeds is in the form of phytic acid (PA), myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate, which is indigestible for agastric and monogastric animals such as swine, poultry, and most aquatic animals, leading to low feeding efficiency [1]. The third mutant allele, mips, is responsible for the first step in PA biosynthesis, catalyzing the NADH-dependent conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to myo-inositol-3-phosphate [7]. These mutations reduce the seed phytic acid levels in soybean, and affect the pathways associated with seed development, leading to reduced seed germinability and low emergence [8,9]. The mechanism of seed emergence in LPA soybean lines remains unclear and requires further exploration
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