Evaluating five forest models using multi-decadal inventory data from mountain forests

Florian Irauschek,Ivan Barka,Harald Bugmann,Benoit Courbaud,Che Elkin,Tomáš Hlásny,Matija Klopcic,Marco Mina,Werner Rammer,Manfred J Lexer

doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109493

Abstract

Forest ecosystem models, being widespread science tools and used for forest management decision support are usually evaluated individually against field data sets, while model intercomparison and joint evaluation studies are rare. We tested five forest models according to a harmonized protocol against data from nine forest compartments in the Snĕžnik region, in Slovenia. The suite of models included stand- and landscape-scale, empirical- and process-based models used across Europe. The test dataset originated from inventory data covering 50 years (tree measurements 1963, 1983 and 2013) and included annual harvesting records at tree level. Uncertainties in data and forest conditions were considered by defining 12 scenarios varying initial regeneration, browsing pressure and harvest modalities. We evaluated the models` ability to initialize forest conditions accurately, whether management interventions could be implemented based on harvest records, and how well basal area and diameter structure could be predicted. Simulation results for basal area development showed good to satisfactory performance for all models, at which SAMSARA2, SIBYLA and PICUS showed the best agreement. Comparison of simulated and observed diameter distributions showed good performance of ForClim, PICUS, SAMSARA2 and SIBYLA. Model output variability was between 6% and 24%, indicating the relevance to consider uncertainties that can be attributed to specific sources. There was no clear hierarchy between more empirical or more process-based models regarding accuracy of stand development projections. The cohort-based landscape model LandClim showed the lowest stand-level accuracy and scenario sensitivity, but results nevertheless qualified it for complementary application at landscape scale. Within individual-based models, spatially explicit models seemed to be more suitable for heterogeneous mixed mountain forests. The findings demonstrated the usefulness of inventory datasets for model testing and intercomparison.

Highlights

We evaluated the modelsability to initialize forest conditions accurately, whether management interventions could be implemented based on harvest records, and how well basal area and diameter structure could be predicted
Attention recently (Muys et al, 2011; Linkevičius et al, 2019). One response to this growing challenge has been an increased reliance on forest simulation models, which are potentially climate sensitive and allow for alternative and novel forest management strategies, to be evaluated
In view of growing interest in complex forest structures, multi-species mixtures, the provisioning of various ecosystem services beyond timber production and the need to consider the effects of a changing climate, the demands being placed on forest models have grown considerably over the recent years

Summary

Introduction

Forest simulation models are powerful tools for testing and evaluating the mid- to long-term implications of different management strategies on future forest development and related ecosystem service provisioning (Söderbergh and Ledermann 2003; Schelhaas et al, 2014). Attention recently (Muys et al, 2011; Linkevičius et al, 2019) One response to this growing challenge has been an increased reliance on forest simulation models, which are potentially climate sensitive and allow for alternative and novel forest management strategies, to be evaluated. In view of growing interest in complex forest structures, multi-species mixtures, the provisioning of various ecosystem services beyond timber production and the need to consider the effects of a changing climate, the demands being placed on forest models have grown considerably over the recent years

Methods

Findings

Discussion

Conclusion