Abstract
This paper discusses the restructuring of the social protection system in the changing labor market by comparing and critically reviewing policy ideas of Universal Basic Income (UBI), Universal Basic Voucher (UBV), and Universal Basic Service (UBS) with a focus on how the Social and Ecological Transition (SET) can be achieved. UBS is a concept often paired with UBI, and UBV is considered a middle way between UBI (cash) and UBS (in-kind). This study first analyzes Korea’s basic income, basic service, and basic voucher cases, according to Bohnenberger’s nine types of social benefits through Standing’s policy evaluation principles. Additionally, we evaluated how each of the benefits included in basic income, basic service, and basic voucher can contribute to social and ecological sustainability in the Korean context. Through this evaluation, to pursue SET in the future, what kind of policy efforts should be accompanied with basic income through a Korean case analysis was discussed. The paper focuses on Korea in particular, as all three policies have been initiated here.
Highlights
Can ecological sustainability be achieved without social sustainability? Or can social sustainability be secured without ecological sustainability? The recent COVID-19 pandemic has proved that the ecological crisis is not just a temporary disaster and cannot be resolved by a temporary state response
This study classified Korean cases according to the types of universal basic income (UBI), Universal Basic Voucher (UBV), and Universal Basic Service (UBS) benefits discussed as alternative social policies and evaluated these policies in terms of ecological/social sustainability
This study aimed to review each type of benefits against these five principles to help future researchers and policymakers in the construction of basic income, basic voucher, and basic service policies
Summary
Can ecological sustainability be achieved without social sustainability? Or can social sustainability be secured without ecological sustainability? The recent COVID-19 pandemic has proved that the ecological crisis is not just a temporary disaster and cannot be resolved by a temporary state response. Recently, there have been suggestions that a complementary currency should be issued that can only be used within a region [20] and that an ecological income should subsequently be created using this local currency method [8] These arguments focus on how the characteristics of the “voucher” can contribute to ecological sustainability. We evaluated how each of the benefits included in basic income, basic service, and basic voucher can contribute to social and ecological sustainability in the Korean context. Through this evaluation, to pursue SET in the future, what kind of policy efforts should be accompanied with basic income through a Korean case analysis was discussed. This paper focuses on Korea in particular, as this is a location wherein all three policies have been implemented or already initiated
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