Evaluating asymbiotic seed culture methods and establishing Disa (Orchidaceae) germinability in vitro: relationships, requirements and first-time reports

Abstract

The effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a key precursor in the biosynthesis of porphyrins such as chlorophyll and heme, on development and salt tolerance of microtubers of two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Jingshi-2 and Zihuabai were examined under in vitro conditions. ALA at 0.3–3 mg/l promoted microtuber formation by increasing the average number, diameter, and fresh weight of microtubers especially under 0.5% NaCl stress conditions, but further increase in ALA concentration resulted in a reduction of microtuber yield irrespective of NaCl stress. Under 1.0% NaCl stress conditions, microtuberization was seriously repressed and could not be restored by the addition of ALA. The accumulation of malondialdehyde in the microtubers treated with 30 mg/l ALA increased by 22% compared to the controls (no salinity), while only a 7% increase was observed when the microtubers were exposed to 0.5% NaCl, indicating that ALA functions as a protectant against oxidative damages of membranes. Under 0.5% NaCl stress conditions, the highest activities of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase were detected in microtubers treated with ALA at 0.3 and 3 mg/l, being by 73% and by 28% greater than those in the untreated controls, respectively. These results demonstrate that ALA at lower concentrations of 0.3–3 mg/l promotes development and growth of potato microtubers in vitro and enhances protective functions against oxidative stresses, but ALA at 30 mg/l and higher concentrations seems to induce oxidative damage probably through formation and accumulation of photooxidative porphyrins.