Evaluating and Standardizing Nature-Based Solutions: A Comprehensive Review for Climate Change Adaptation

Abstract

Nature-based solutions (NBS) constitute one of the cornerstones of the European strategy for climate change adaptation and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Despite their significance, the current body of scientific research on NBS is fragmented and lacks uniform guidelines and standardized terminology, posing challenges for practitioners seeking to apply NBS in specific local contexts. To bridge this gap and identify best practices in NBS design and implementation, we will present findings from a systematic literature review on the state-of-the-art of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation. Our assessment covers key aspects, including (1) definitions and classification of NBS, (2) primary areas of application, (3) approaches to addressing vulnerability, (4) evaluations of social, ecological, and technological feasibility, and (5) exploration of co-benefits associated with NBS. The presentation incorporates illustrative examples drawn from notable case studies in Spain, within the framework of the E:SBN project supported by the Spanish National Climate Change Adaptation Plan.