EVALUASI KETERSEDIAAN RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU (RTH) PUBLIK DI KAWASAN PUSAT KOTA KEPANJEN KABUPATEN MALANG

Based on Spatial Planning Law No. 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning, Article 29 states that the proportion of public green open space is 20% of the city area. In Tebing Tinggi City, based on the 2013-2033 RTRW of Tebing Tinggi City, it is stated that Public RTH covers an area of ​​approximately 72.49 Ha or 1.89% of the city area, which means it is not in accordance with the mandate of Spatial Planning Law No. 26 2007 concerning Spatial Planning. This research was conducted to assess the availability of existing public green open space in Tebing Tinggi City based on image interpretation techniques, spatial distribution, the area of ​​existing public green open space, the service radius of existing public green open space, and the suitability of existing public green open space land. This type of research uses quantitative research and uses spatial analysis techniques. The results identified as many as 60 public green open spaces in Tebing Tinggi City with an accuracy score of 86.36%, which means that the interpretation is considered correct because the spatial distribution pattern of public green open spaces in Tebing Tinggi City is random because the distribution of public green open spaces is not evenly distributed in all sub-districts in Tebing Tinggi City. From the results of the spatial distribution pattern, digitization was then carried out with the result that the total public open space area was 105.27 Ha, which was dominated by the burial area of ​​59.67 Ha or 57.07%. Then, based on each area of ​​green open space obtained, a topological classification of public green open space is carried out, consisting of 7 typologies of green open space, namely City Forest, City Park, District Park, Village Park, RW Park, RT Park, Cemetery and Green Belt, which is then analyzed. Service radius. As a result, it is known that the City of Tebing Tinggi has not been served optimally by public green open space because there is not yet one type of public green open space typology that is capable of serving the city of Tebing Tinggi based on buffer analysis carried out using ArcGis. The only public green open space whose service radius almost covers the city of Tebing Tinggi is the cemetery whose existing existence is capable of serving 99.19 percent of the area of ​​the city of Tebing Tinggi. Finally, a land suitability analysis was carried out between the existing public green open space and the Tebing Tinggi City RTRW for 2013-2033 which resulted in land suitability of 79.92%. Meanwhile, the remaining 20.08% was designated for areas that were not public green open space.

High land requirements have an impact on land conversion. This study aims to calculate the accuracy of the results of mapping public green open space from ASTER and Sentinel-2A imagery, know the changes in green public space, calculate oxygen demand and the needs of green space in 2004 and 2019. The types of green open spaces that are interpreted visually include urban forests, river borders, cemeteries, fields, and city park. Oxygen demand is calculated by the gerrarkis method including livestock, industry, population, and motor vehicles. The mapping accuracy with the ASTER is 96% while the Sentinel-2A imagery is 90%. The mapping of changes in public green open space show that 17,62 km2 public green open space has not changed, increased 1,15 km2, and decreased 2,61 km2. Oxygen demand in 2004 was 1053531,92 kg/day with green open space needs covering 10,41 km2, while in 2019 it was 1923959,31 kg / day with Green Open Space needs covering 19 km2. The need for green space in 2004 has been fulfilled from public green space of 20,22 km2. In 2019 the area of public open green space is 18,77 km2, so that public open green space has not been able to fulfill the needs of overall green open space.

Green open space (GOS) plays a very important role in realizing a sustainable city and has a balance of ecological and psychological functions for urban communities. Green open space (GOS) can be divided into two categories, namely public GOS and private GOS, but only public GOS can still be controlled directly by the government. Until now, there has been no study regarding the use of public green open spaces in Denpasar City. The aim of this research is to identify the availability of public green open space in Denpasar City, analyze the implications of using public green open space in Denpasar City, and formulate strategies and policies for managing public green open space in Denpasar City. Data collection techniques in this research were interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis techniques in this research are qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis techniques to determine the availability of public GOS, SWOT analysis for the use of public RTH, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine management strategies and policies. The availability of public green open space in 2011 was recorded at 2,341.48, or 18.32 percent. The availability of public green open space in 2019 was recorded at 1,572,990 hectares, or 12.49 percent. The difference between 2011 and 2019 was 768,490 ha, or 5.83 percent. The minimum area of public green open space in accordance with the regulations, namely 20 percent, was 1.68 percent in 2011 data and 7.51 percent in 2019 data. The implementation of the utilization of Denpasar City Public Green Open Space (GOS) based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out does not comply with the standards of Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 1 of 2007 concerning Arrangement of Green Open Space in Urban Areas and Minister of Public Works Regulation Number 5 of 2008 concerning Guidelines for Providing and Utilizing Green Open Space in Urban Areas. Management still needs to be improved both in terms of handling, security, and maintenance as well as maintaining the availability of existing public open space.

Green Open Space "RTH" plays a very important role in realizing a sustainable city and has a balance of functions both ecologically and psychologically for urban communities. Green Open Space can be divided into two, namely public green open space and private green open space, but only public green open space can still be controlled directly by the government. The purpose of this study is to identify the availability of public green open space in the city of Denpasar and to formulate strategies and policies for managing public green open space in the city of Denpasar. Data collection techniques were carried out using interviews and questionnaires, qualitative and quantitative descriptive data analysis with SWOT analysis for the use of public green open space, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine management strategies and policies. The availability of public green open space in 2011 was recorded at 2,341.48 or 18.32 percent. The availability of public green open space in 2019 was recorded at 1,572,990 ha or 12.49 percent. The difference in 2011 and 2019 was 768,490 Ha or 5.83 percent. The minimum area for public green open space following the 20 percent rule is 1.68 percent (in 2011) and 7.51 percent (in 2019). The implementation of Denpasar Public Green Open Space (RTH) management has not met the standards of the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 1 of 2007 and Minister of Public Works Number 5 of 2008. The strategy for managing Green Open Space is to develop detailed spatial plans, install information boards, enforce laws, and implement incentives disincentives to relevant stakeholders

Environment through the provision of parks and green open spaces (RTH), is carried out area and number of residents spread across the Jambi. urban areas is very necessary. Parks are needed to maintain land availability, as water catchment areas, which can play a role in helping water absorption, so that the supply of water in the ground (water saving) increases and reduces the potential for flooding, by reducing the amount of water runoff. This study used a quantitative descriptive method with research from the Jambi City Statistics Center (BPS). The research was carried out in the Administrative Region of Jambi City. The results of the analysis provision of public green space based on the area need for public green open space in Jambi City is 3,617.50 ha. The available public open space area is around 779.02 ha. Based on these results, there is a difference in the area of 2,838.48 ha, and the provision of public green open space based on population according to Minister of Public Works Regulation Number. 5 of 2008 it can be seen that the need for a park area in Jambi City is 1,243.70 ha. The available garden area is approximately 188,388.27 m2 or 18.84 ha. Based on these results, there is a difference in area shortage of 1,224.86 ha. Jambi City over the past 13 years (2020-2033) Some strategies Increasing the area of public open space in fulfilling intrinsic and extrinsic functions, socializing the availability of green space functions for life and the environment and Spatial planning that is equal to 20% for public open space from the total area of the city. The area of green open space in Jambi City is only 779.02 ha and is very far from the area of Jambi City which is ± 20,538 ha.

This research was conducted to identify changes in the area of ​​public and private green open space in Jambi City and to identify the factors that influence changes in the area of ​​green open space. This type of research is descriptive quantitative. The research was conducted in Jambi City, and was conducted from June to September 2020. Data collection techniques were obtained through observation and documentation. Data amalisis technique is obtained through spatial and descriptive analysis. The results showed that: (1) In the 2015-2019 period, the area of ​​public Green Open Space (RTH) in Jambi City decreased, which decreased by 2,223.23 hectares from the original 2015 amounting to 10,167.67 hectares to 7,937.44 hectares in 2019 and the area of ​​private green open space in 2015 has increased from an area of ​​6,983.74 hectares to 9,206.97 hectares in 2019; (2) the factors that influence the change in the area of ​​public green open space are health facilities, educational facilities, and economic facilities, while the factor affecting the change in the area of ​​private green open space is population density.

Based on the results of identification and analysis related to the functions of green open space in Kelurahan Kauman, both private and public green open space, it was found that private green open space located in residential areas, office areas, education area, and in the worship area. Whereas existing public green open space is in the form of active parks, passive parks, green lane along the road border, green lane along the river border and green green space on the medians road. Private green open space in residential areas has ecological, economic and aesthetic functions; Private green open space in office areas is dominated by ecological functions; while green space in the areas of education, worship, trade and services, is dominated by ecological and aesthetic functions. Whereas public Green Open Space in the form of urban park has an economic function; Green Open Space green lane in the form of road borders, island road, and road median has ecological and aesthetic function; and Green Open Space with specific function in the form of river borders has the ecological and aesthetic function.

Green open space is one important component in developing an area. The proportion of the area of green open space in urban areas based on Law number 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning is 30% of the city area. The green open space is divided into several criteria, namely public green open space and private green open space. Public green open space is open space managed by the government whose use is intended for the community. In addition to the aesthetics of public green open space also functions as an air purifier, guardian of groundwater sustainability, a place for the development of various flora and fauna, also provides economic benefits for the community. Mangrove vegetation has the ability to fulfill the function of the green open space. When developed into an open public heiau space, mangroves can have a positive impact on environmental development. Mangrove vegetation has the ability to minimize the erosion and hydrological standby of the region. Besides, mangroves also have the ability to absorb carbon emissions so as to keep the environment air conducive. Mangroves that are well managed can also create new tourist sites that can improve the economy of the surrounding community.

One important element in the region is the existence of green open space, especially public green open Spaces that have ecological, cultural, economic, aesthetic, and also urban/regional. The need for public green open space as a means of recreation and community interaction is not balanced with the number of available public green open spaces that can balance the population. The public green open space affects the number of people, the more people in one city the need for green open space increases. This method of research analysis is a SWOT analysis in which in research results from the public green open space analysis, population projections, and land use & gravelly. The results are a strategy that can help restore the supply of green open Spaces on the green side of population, which is: optimize the water use areas to make green public Spaces, to use the removal of the land for public green Spaces, to use the ground in hill areas for use as open space. Public green areas such as parks or forests, and they promote and maintain the green facilities that support public activities.and maintaining reforestation of facilities that support community activities.

According to UU 26/2007 of Spatial Planning, the percentage of green open space in the city area is at least 30% of the total area of the city consisting of 20% public green open space and 10% private green open space. Until early 2021, the percentage of public green open space in Magelang City has only reached 16% of total area of Magelang City. This is because there are still limited human resources and finances. The government of Magelang City still dominates in the management of public green open space and doesn’ t empower other stakeholders. To accelerate the achievement of the target of public green open space in Magelang City need collaboration between government with private and civil society. The collaboration of them in the process of formulating, implementing, and evaluating public policies is known as collaborative governance. The objectives of this study are (1) to identify the stakeholders in the Public Green Open Space Policy in Magelang City, (2) to analyse the role of each stakeholders in the Public Green Open Space Policy in Magelang City, (3) to analyse Collaborative Governance in the Public Green Open Space Policy in Magelang City. In this study, the researcher used a qualitative descriptive approach with Collaborative Governance theory by Ansell and Gash. The result of this study indicate that (1) the stakeholders of Public Green Open Space in Magelang City are DPUPR, DLH, Bank Jateng, Bank Magelang, HK Mustika Gold, and civil society, (2) DPUPR has role as a policy maker and coordinator; DLH acts as implementer; private as facilitator; and civil society as users of Public Green Open Space, (3) collaborative governance in the Public Green Open Space in Magelang City has not gone well, collaboration between the government and the private is only carried out for a certain period of time and there is not sustainable collaboration.

The development of urban areas carried out by the government and the private sector as an activity can affect and bring impacts on the environment and the surrounding environment. The trend of increasing urbanization in urban areas in various cities in Indonesia, including Semarang as an urban destination, generally raises various problems, the lack of availability of various service facilities for primary community life needs, especially residential issues and other public facilities, namely various facilities transportation, decreasing the quality of the urban environment and the ineffectiveness and efficiency of the land and space used plan regulation. Departing from the reality of the above problems, the focus of the study in this article is what is the urgency of the availability of public green open spaces in sustainable urban spatial planning. The results of the research on the topics raised in this article are briefly formulated, namely: a) Availability of public space and green open space (RTH) is an integral and inseparable part of urban spatial planning; b) Public spaces and urban green spaces have a main and strategic function for the social interaction of urban communities, the heart of the balance of ecosystems and the environment of the city, and as a manifestation of social, economic, cultural values and actualization of the face of urban life; and c) Sustainable management, designation and utilization of public space and green open space can be carried out optimally from synergies between city government, the private sector and the community. Recommendations from this study are: a) Realization of management, designation, and utilization of public spaces and green and sustainable open spaces can be done formally and informally by the city government with the support of the private sector and the community. b) Policies and arrangements for urban area development must be based on a plan for sustainable urban spatial planning and attention to environmental aspects in addition to economic and social aspects; c) to be able to realize the functions and designation of public spaces and green open spaces whose concessions and sustainability are in accordance with the development plan and urban spatial planning, it is necessary to enforce the law and impose strict and severe sanctions on all parties who violate the law.

Green Open Space (RTH) is an urban element that is very important to support all activities and life of the population. Basically, green open space is a natural element that plays an important role in creating a city that is proportional and environmentally friendly. According to the provisions in force, the proportion of green open space in urban areas is at least 30%. This step was taken by the government to ensure the balance of urban development. This study aims to describe the implementation of management policies and constraints in the arrangement of green open spaces in the city of Semarang experienced by the Spatial Planning Office and the Settlement and Housing Area Office of Semarang City. The approach used in writing this law is empirical juridical. In using the empirical juridical method, two approaches are used, namely the interview approach and field observations. In general, this interview approach uses trusted sources related to the problem being studied. Whereas in the direct observation approach the researcher goes directly to the field in researching the problems that are happening. Based on research results obtained in 2021 the area of public and private green open space is 1,042 ha and 4,025 ha private (15% of the city area) and in 2022 the area of public and private green open space is 2,580.585 (20.07% of the city area) ). It then explains the role of the Semarang City Government through the Spatial Planning Office and the Housing and Settlement Area Office in carrying out the implementation of the green open space arrangement policy. Next, the obstacles and solutions faced by the Semarang City Government will be explained in carrying out urban green open space planning.

This research was carried out in Pettuadae Village, Turikale District, Maros Regency. This location was chosen with the consideration that there is still a lack of research on the effectiveness of the use of urban forests as public green open spaces in Turikale District which is still under-attention so that attention and direct action are needed by the community and the government to control. There are two data used, namely: primary data and secondary data. The objectives of this study were: to determine the utilization of the Maros urban forest as a public green open space and to determine the factors that influence the effectiveness of the use of the urban forest as a public green open space in the Pettuadae village, Turikale sub-district, Maros district. Data were collected from observations, questionnaires, interviews. The collected data was then analyzed. This study uses two methods, namely descriptive analysis method to determine the utilization of urban forest as public green open space and multiple linear regression analysis method to determine the factors that influence the effectiveness of urban forest utilization as public green open space. The results showed that the utilization of Maros urban forest as a public green open space in Pettuadae Village, Turikale District, Maros Regency was effective. where the Maros urban forest is used as a means of gathering for discussions or playing with friends and family, enjoying the beauty of the urban forest and enjoying several sports facilities and can be used for street vendors as a livelihood. The factors that affect the effectiveness of the use of urban forests as public green open space in Pettuadae Village, Turikale District, Maros Regency, namely the effectiveness factors in terms of 4 variables namely regulations, public awareness, availability of public facilities and facilities, and budget support. Where there are only two influential variables, namely public awareness and the availability of public facilities and facilities

Suitability Analysis of The Location of The Development Public Green Open Space in The Sub District Palu Timur and Palu Barat The existence of green open spaces, especially for public green open spaces in the region of Palu City still showing lack of suitability with public aspect, therefore, to optimize the function of public space as a place for comfortable activities required the suitability analysis of the location to identify and determine prioritize the location of the development of public green open space based on aspects of the fulfillment of public functions. The purpose of this study was to identify and map the aspects that influence as well as analyze and determine the suitability of the location of the development of public green open space in the sub district of Palu Timur and Palu Barat. The results showed the suitability class of the location of development public green open space was divided into four class not suitable, enough suitable, suitable and very suitable.Based on the determination of suitability of location can be determined the priority of the location of the development of public green open space in the subdistrict Palu Timur and Palu Barat was located on an area with the suitability level very suitable with an area for subdistrict Palu Timur 885.576,32 m2 and Palu Barat 661.986,41 m2. Keywords: suitability, location, green open space

Planning and creating public open spaces has been influenced by the current focus on building sustainable cities that support its three pillars—economic, social, and environmental. However, the negative effects of expanding urbanization and the consequences of climate change have increased the possibility of disaster in cities and increased pressure on the path toward sustainable development. Public open spaces are often used as a strategy to enhance cities’ sustainability while using it as a mode to improve the quality of life, aesthetic beauty, environmental health, economic growth and to increase the walkability, live ability and vitality of cities. In order to mitigate the effects of disasters, it is also important to pay attention to how public green open space is managed in terms of governance, finances, rules, oversight, and human resources. Socialization of this activity is necessary so that the general public is aware of the purposes and advantages of having public green open space. In addition to serving as an environmental buffer, Probolinggo City's public green open space has the potential to be developed as a disaster mitigation model using a sustainable development approach, bringing benefits for the environment, education, infrastructure, economy, and socio-cultural aspects in line with the SDGs.