Abstract
In the past several decades, Ponto-Caspian species have established in freshwater and brackish habitats of the North and Baltic Sea and Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River region in much higher numbers than expected based on introduction effort (i.e. shipping frequency) and environmental conditions between these regions. Several studies have suggested that Ponto-Caspian taxa are euryhaline and might be able to adapt rapidly to changing salinity conditions, and therefore may be more successful colonizers than species from other regions. To determine the realized niche in the native and introduced habitats of Ponto-Caspian invaders and to assess whether they have expanded their salinity tolerance during the invasion process, we conducted a literature search to assess the salinity ranges of 55 Ponto-Caspian species in their native and introduced ranges. Our results confirmed that the majority of those species occupied a wide range of salinity in their native and introduced habitats. Approximately 50% of species were reported from both freshwater and brackish habitats (0–18 PSU) in their native region, occupying a salinity range of at least 10 PSU difference. In general, the number of species tended to decline as salinity increased in both native and introduced habitats. More than 90% of Ponto-Caspian invaders occupied freshwater (< 0–0.5 PSU) habitats, while 18% did not occur above 18 PSU. Overall, 46% of species were reported from a narrower salinity range in their introduced compared to their native region. Consequently, our study revealed significantly broader salinity ranges in native compared to introduced habitats. As our results suggest that the majority of Ponto-Caspian invaders occupy freshwater and brackish habitats in their native region, the recent numerous invasions of freshwater and brackish areas by these species should not be a surprise. Therefore, managers and policy makers should take into account that the majority of Ponto-Caspian invaders originate from fresh water or low salinities and develop new regulations to prevent future invasions from the Ponto-Caspian region, as well as from areas highly invaded by Ponto-Caspian taxa such as Northern Europe.
Highlights
The increasing number of human-mediated introductions of species is one of the major challenges for aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity (Hulme 2009; Molnar et al 2008; Olden et al 2004)
46% of species were reported from a narrower salinity range in their introduced compared to their native region
46% of species occupied a narrower salinity range in their introduced compared to their native region (Figure 1; Table S1)
Summary
The increasing number of human-mediated introductions of species is one of the major challenges for aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity (Hulme 2009; Molnar et al 2008; Olden et al 2004). In the past few decades, Ponto-Caspian species, i.e. species originating from the Azov, Black and Caspian Seas and adjacent estuaries and rivers, invaded numerous brackish and freshwater habitats of the Baltic Sea and Laurentian Great Lakes (Bij de Vaate et al 2002; Casties et al 2016; Reid and Orlova 2002; Ricciardi and MacIsaac 2000) These invasions have occurred in much higher numbers than expected based on shipping frequency and the environmental conditions in these regions (Casties et al 2016). Bij de Vaate et al (2002) reviewed the invasion routes of 22 Ponto-Caspian invaders in Europe and concluded that 15 of them are euryhaline. Grabowski and Pegid (2007) reviewed 13 gammarid species occurring in European waters and determined that Ponto-Caspian species have a broader salinity
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