European surveillance of emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease

Judy A Mitchell,Jacqueline M Cardwell,Heather Leach,Caray A Walker,Sophie Le Poder,Nicola Decaro,Miklos Rusvai,Herman Egberink,Peter Rottier,Mireia Fernandez,Eirini Fragkiadaki,Shelly Shields,Joe Brownlie

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.10.019

Abstract

Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a major cause of morbidity in dogs worldwide, and is associated with a number of new and emerging pathogens. In a large multi-centre European study the prevalences of four key emerging CIRD pathogens; canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), influenza A, and Mycoplasma cynos (M. cynos); were estimated, and risk factors for exposure, infection and clinical disease were investigated.CIRD affected 66% (381/572) of the dogs studied, including both pet and kennelled dogs. Disease occurrence and severity were significantly reduced in dogs vaccinated against classic CIRD agents, canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), but substantial proportions (65.7%; 201/306) of vaccinated dogs remained affected.CRCoV and CnPnV were highly prevalent across the different dog populations, with overall seropositivity and detection rates of 47% and 7.7% for CRCoV, and 41.7% and 23.4% for CnPnV, respectively, and their presence was associated with increased occurrence and severity of clinical disease. Antibodies to CRCoV had a protective effect against CRCoV infection and more severe clinical signs of CIRD but antibodies to CnPnV did not.Involvement of M. cynos and influenza A in CIRD was less apparent. Despite 45% of dogs being seropositive for M. cynos, only 0.9% were PCR positive for M. cynos. Only 2.7% of dogs were seropositive for Influenza A, and none were positive by PCR.

Highlights

Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a major cause of morbidity and an important welfare issue for kennelled dog populations worldwide
The true extent of the prevalence of these novel agents, and the risk factors associated with exposure, infection and disease amongst different cohorts, have not been fully investigated. To help address this we present data from a large multi-centre European study in which the prevalences of four of the most important and recently identified emerging CIRD pathogens
This study examined the occurrence of CIRD, and four of the most important emerging pathogens associated with the disease in different dog populations across Europe

Summary

Introduction

Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a major cause of morbidity and an important welfare issue for kennelled dog populations worldwide. Characterised by clinical signs such as coughing, nasal discharge and dyspnoea, it can persist for several weeks, often resulting in severe disease, such as bronchopneumonia, and on occasions, lead to death or result in euthanasia (Appel and Binn, 1987). CIRD is a complex disease of multifactorial aetiology, where environmental, host and pathogen interactions influence disease susceptibility, severity and persistence. The pathogens traditionally associated with CIRD include canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV)(Appel and Percy, 1970), canine adenovirus type 2 2)(Ditchfield et al, 1962), and Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) (Bemis, 1992), which act sequentially or synergistically to cause disease. Outbreaks of respiratory disease continue despite their use, resulting in expensive treatment costs and delays in rehoming or training (Erles et al, 2004)

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