Abstract

A fundamental and unanswered question facing Earth and life scientists today is: What are the important relationships among the hydrosphere, the geosphere, and the biosphere? The geological setting of mound systems and mud volcanoes furnishes a unique natural laboratory for studying and understanding the dynamic interplay among carbonates, geofluids, and biodiversity, while also providing a window into the deep biosphere where elemental cycles and diagenetic processes can be evaluated. In addition to biogeochemical processes, the genetic or causal link between these two structural types can be explored in order to determine if these modern systems are appropriate analogues for ancient mounds found in the sedimentary record.

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