Abstract
Since the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, defence policy, across Europe, has traditionally been the preserve of the nation state. That remains the default situation today, despite over two decades of movement towards a common EU security and defence policy. European leaders, ever since the 1980s, have insisted that the EU level is the most appropriate for this policy area, and public opinion appears to agree with them. Yet, despite many developments in the direction of a ‘European army’, and despite the launch of dozens of EU overseas missions, defence planning and procurement, as well as the deployment of forces, remain the preserve of the EU’s national governments. Since 2016 we have witnessed an intensification of the move towards the EU level. This article argues that it is still too soon to determine whether a genuine shift away from the nation-state level is now in progress.
Highlights
The classic instrument of national defence policy, enshrined during the French Revolution with the levée en masse, has been the conscript army
Subsidiarity argues that each policy area will take decisions at the most appropriate level
The greatest example of this since the end of the Second World War has been the existence of NATO, which introduces the concept of the Atlantic level
Summary
Keywords European defence, NATO, CSDP, Subsidiarity, National sovereignty The classic instrument of national defence policy, enshrined during the French Revolution with the levée en masse, has been the conscript army. Towards the European level in defence policy
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